1. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

2. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Descriptive statistics are summary measures which define some important characteristics of data.
Measures of location
Measures of central tendency
Measures of position
Measures of dispersion (variation)

3. Measures of central tendency
Measures of Location
Measures of central tendency
Measures of central tendency are numerical values that tend to locate in some sense the middle of a set of data.
Arithmetic Mean 
Median 
Mode
Geometric Mean
Harmonic Mean
Proportion

4. Measures of central tendency
Arithmetic Mean (Mean)
The arithmetic mean is the most common measure of the central tendency and is commonly used for symetrical distributions. It is used to summarize quantitative data.
Sum of all the observations ( ) divided by the number of the observations (n).

5. Example
Age distribution of seven children attending to a children clinic is given below
{1,3,6,7,2,3,5}
years

6. Median 
The median is the middle value of the set of data when the data are ranked in order according to magnitude.
When the data are put in order 50 % of the observations are less than or equal to the median, the rest is greater than the median .
Median value is
observation.

7. Example n is odd: 5, 28, 8, 10, 9 Ordered data 5, 8, 9, 10, 28
Median is 3rd value which is 9.
n is even: 19, 20, 17, 27, 6, 21
Ordered data , 17, 19, 20, 21, 27
i=(6+1)/2=3.5
Median is halfway between the 3rd and 4th values, which is 19.5.

8. The mode is the value of x that occurs most frequently.
Data {1,3,7,3,2,3,6,7}
Mode : 3
Data {1,3,7,3,2,3,6,7,1,1}
Mode : 1 and 3
Data {1,3,7,0,2,-3, 6,5,-1}
Mode : No mode

9. Example
Suppose the age in years of the first 10 subjects enrolled in your study are:  , 24, 56, 52, 21, 44, 64, 44, 42, 46 
Then the mean age of this group is 42.7 years
To find the median, first order the data:
21, 24, 34, 42, 44, 44, 46, 52, 56, 64
The median is  (44+44)/2 = 44 years
The mode is 44 years.

10. Suppose the next patient enrolls and her age is
97 years.
How does the mean, median and mode change?
Ordered data:
21, 24, 34, 42, 44, 44, 46, 52, 56, 64, 97 
Mean is 47,6
42,7
Median is 44 44
Mode is 44 44

11. Comparison of Mean and Median
Mean is sensitive to “outliers” (a few very large or small values), so sometimes mean does not reflect the quantity desired.
20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 90
87.5% of observations
Median is “resistant” to outliers
Median = 23.5
Mean is attractive mathematically.
50% of sample is above the median, 50% of
sample is below the median.

12. Geometric mean is a summary statistic useful when the measurement scale is not linear, it is computed as or
For example, in the area of psychometrics it is well known that the rated intensity of a stimulus (e.g., brightness of a light) is often a logarithmic function of the actual intensity of the stimulus (brightness measured in units of Lux). In this instance, the geometric mean is a better "summary" of ratings than the simple mean.

13. For example, suppose you have an investment which earns 10% the first year, 50% the second year, and 30% the third year. What is its average rate of return? It is not the arithmetic mean, because what these numbers signify is that on the first year your investment was multiplied (not added to) by 1.10, on the second year it was multiplied by 1.50, and the third year it was multiplied by The relevant quantity is the geometric mean of these three numbers, which is about or about 29% annual interest.

14. For example, if a stock rose 10% in the first year, 20% in the second year and fell 15% in the third year, then we compute the geometric mean of the factors 1.10, 1.20 and 0.85 as (1.10 × 1.20 × 0.85)1/3 = and we conclude that the stock rose 3.91 percent per year, on average.

15. Harmonic Mean is a "summary" statistic used in analyses of frequency data. The harmonic mean is sometimes used to average values that change in time.
If a variable contains a zero (0) as a valid score, then the harmonic mean cannot be calculated (since it implies division by zero).

16. In certain situations, the harmonic mean provides the correct notion of "average". For instance, if for half the distance of a trip you travel at 40 miles per hour and for the other half of the distance you travel at 60 miles per hour, then your average speed for the trip is given by the harmonic mean of 40 and 60, which is 48; that is, the total amount of time for the trip is the same as if you traveled the entire trip at 48 miles per hour. (Note however that if you had traveled for half the time at one speed and the other half at another, the arithmetic mean, 50 miles per hour, would provide the correct notion of "average".)

17. Proportion is a fraction in which the numerator is included within the denominator. A proportion is often expressed as a percentage.
For example, we might describe the overall amount of smokers in a population as the proportion of people in the population who smoke.
Suppose out of 125 people 15 smoke cigarette, then the proportion of people who smoke is
P =

18. Measures of position
Measures of position are used to decribe the location of a specific piece of data in relation to the rest of the sample. Quartiles and percentiles are two most popular measures of position.

19. Quartiles
Quartiles are numeric values of variable that divide the ordered data into quarters; each set of data has three quartiles.
The first quartile, Q1, is a number such that at most one-fourth of the data are smaller in value than Q1 and at most three-fourths are larger.
The second quartile, Q2, is the median.

20. The third quartile, Q3, is a number such that at most three-fourths of the data are smaller in value than Q3 and at most one-fourth are larger.

21. Example: Birthweights of 24 infants are as follows:
Obs.
Weight 1
2850 7
3150 13
3250 19
3700 2
2900 8
3200 14
3400 20
3800 3
2930 9 15
3450 21
3900 4
2980 10 16
3500 22
4100 5
3000 11 17 23
4400 6
3100 12 18
3600 24
4500

22. First quartile=Q1= th obs. is the fist quartile.
6th obs.=3100gr 7th obs.=3150gr
50x0.25=12.5gr
Q1=3112.5gr.
Second quartile=Median=Q2= th obs. is the second quartile or median.
12th obs.=3250gr th obs.=3250gr
Q2=3250gr.
Third quartile=Q3= th obs. is the third quartile

23. 25% of the infants have birthweights less than 3112,5gr.
18th obs.=3600gr th obs.=3700gr
100x0.75=75gr.
Q3=3675gr.
25% of the infants have birthweights less than 3112,5gr.
Half of the infants have birthweights less than 3250gr.
75%of the infants have birthweights less than 3675 gr.

24. Percentiles are numerical values of the variable that divide a set of ordered data into 100 equal parts; each set of data has 99 percentiles.
The procedure for determining the value of any kth percentile involve three basic steps.
The data must be ordered
The position number i for the percentile in question must be determined. It is found by first calculating the value of

25. Example: Birth weights of 24 infants.
Find the 30th percentile.
When the data are ordered th observation, which is the half way between 7th (3150gr) and 8th (3200gr) observations, is the 30th percentile. The 30th percentile is therefore 3175gr, which means, 30% of the observations lie below 3175gr.
ii. Find the 50th percentile (median).
th observation, which is the half way between 12th (3250gr) and 13th observations (3250gr) is the 50th percentile. 3250gr is the 50th percentile. Half of the infants have birth weights less than 3250gr.

26. Measures of dispersion
Range
The range is the simplest measure of dispersion. It is the difference between the highest valued (H) and the lowest valued (L) of the observations.
Range= H-L

27. Measures of dispersion
Standard deviation is the average distance of observations to arithmetic mean. or
Variance is square of standard deviation. or

28. NOTE: The sum of the deviation, , is always zero.
Step 1
Step 3
Step 4
Step 2
Step 5
NOTE: The sum of the deviation, , is always zero.

29. The last set of data is more dispersed than the previous set, and therefore its variance is larger.
First sample
Second sample
s2=11.5

30. Coefficient of variation (CV) shows the deviation as a percentage of arithmetic mean.

31. Example: Heights of ten subjects are measured in cm and m
Example: Heights of ten subjects are measured in cm and m. Data are listed below s cv
Although standard deviations are different, coefficient of variations are the same.

32. Interquartile Range is a measure of dispersion for non-symmetric data
IQR = Q3 – Q1
Semi-Interquartile Range is used instead of standart deviation when distribution of data is non-symmetric.
SIQR= (Q3 – Q1)/2
Ranked data, increasing order
25%
L Q1 Q Q3 H