1. Earthquakes
The Great Shake-Out!!!!

2. You need to write this down!!
What are Earthquakes?
The shaking caused by the sudden release of energy
Caused by faulting (breaking) at plate boundaries

3. Collapsed Cypress Freeway
Source: Richards/Sipa Press

4. Effects of Mexico City Earthquake
Source: Albert Copley/Visuals Unlimited
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

5. Where Do Earthquakes Occur and How Often?
~80% of all earthquakes occur in the ring of fire around the pacific plate.
***more than 150,000 quakes strong enough to be felt are recorded each year

6. Seismic Risk Map

7. Anatomy of an Earthquake
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

8. What causes Earthquakes?
1. Movement along faults: occurs when the energy exceeds the friction holding the sides of the fault together and is suddenly released. This is the Elastic Rebound Theory. 2. Movement of magma (volcanic) 3. Volcanic eruptions

9. Landscape Shifting, Wallace Creek
Source: John S. Shelton
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

10. Seismic Waves 1. P or primary waves fastest waves
travel through solids, liquids, or gases
Compression wave, material movement is in the same direction as wave movement
2. S or secondary waves
slower than P waves
travel through solids only
Transverse waves - move material perpendicular to wave movement

11. P Waves
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12. How do we Measure Earthquakes?
P-waves, S-Waves, and Surface waves occur after an earthquake
Earthquake waves are recorded by a seismograph and the recording of waves on paper is called seismogram

13. Earthquake Dangers
1. Falling objects and most property damage results from 2. Fires that start after the earthquake is over because of broken GAS LINES 3. Tsunami-seismic sea wave 4. Landslides

14. Earthquake Dangers
A. Most injuries and deaths are caused by falling objects and most property damage results from fires that start from broken gas lines.
B. Tsunami: seismic sea wave sometimes generated when an earthquake originates on the ocean floor

15. Generation of a Tsunami
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17. Tsunami—December 2004

18. NSF North Mississippi GK-8
Who Feels the Shaking?
The shaking starts at the epicenter and spreads in circles outward much like the ripples of water dripping into a puddle.
NSF North Mississippi GK-8

19. Elevated Freeway Collapse in Kobe
Source: Hosaka Naoto/Gamma Liaison
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

20. 8. Earthquake Dangers
4. Landslides

21. Earthquake Safety
Protect yourself from falling objects (GET UNDER SOMETHING) or stand in a hallway or doorway (watch out for a swinging door)
Do not try to go outside during the earthquake
After the earthquake and before the aftershocks, go outside
Do not return to the building until it has been inspected

23. Making Homes Safer Attach bookcases and tall furniture to the wall
Reinforce chimney
Strap water heater to the wall
Bolt houses to the foundation
Reinforce walls with extra wood
Keep a wrench handy to turn off gas lines

24. Earthquakes rarely kill people … Building collapses do!
Interesting Facts
Earthquakes rarely kill people …
Building collapses do!

25. The Great SHAKE OUT!
Your group will design a structure made out of toothpicks and marshmallows that can withstand a simulated earthquake.
You will get 15 toothpicks and 10 marshmallows— don’t eat them.
Copy the engineering and design process into your notes.
Plan and draw a sketch of your design
Test the structure
Re-design and sketch your new updated structure
Retest your structure

26. Draw this in your notes: DESIGN PROCESS