1. Diagnostic Procedures, Nuclear Medicine, and Pharmacology
Chapter 15

2. Overview of Diagnostic Procedures, Nuclear Medicine, and Pharmacology

3. Basic Diagnostic Procedures
Vital signs
Auscultation
Palpation and percussion
Basic examination instruments

4. Vital Signs
Temperature: average normal is 98.6°F (Fahrenheit) or 37.0°C (Celsius)
Pulse: rhythmic pressure against walls of an artery caused by beating of heart
Respiration: number of complete breaths per minute
Blood pressure: force of blood against walls of arteries

5. Pulse Points of the Body

6. Ausclatation Auscultation Listening for sounds within the body
Performed through a stethoscope

7. Palpation and Percussion
examiner’s hands feel texture, size, consistency, and location of body parts
Percussion
determines density of a body part by sound produced by tapping surface with fingers

8. Basic Examination Instruments
Ophthalmoscope: to examine interior of eye
Otoscope: to examine external ear canal and tympanic membrane
Speculum: to enlarge opening of a canal or cavity for inspection of its interior
Stethoscope: to listen to sounds within the body

9. Examination Positions
Recumbent positions
Sims’ position
Knee-chest position
Lithotomy position

10. Recumbent Positions Horizontal recumbent position
also known as supine position
patient is lying on the back, face up
used for examination and treatment of anterior surface of the body and for x-rays
Dorsal recumbent position
patient lying on the back, face up, with the knees bent
used for examination and treatment of the abdominal area and for vaginal or rectal exams
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11. Recumbent Positions Lithotomy position
patient lying on back, face up, with the feet and legs raised and supported in stirrups
used for vaginal and rectal examinations and during childbirth
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12. Recumbent Positions
Prone position – patient lying on abdomen face down
Sims’ position – patient lying on left side with right knee and thigh drawn up with left arm placed along back
Knee-chest position – patient lying face down with hips bent so knees and chest rest on table

13. Laboratory Tests
Blood tests
Urinalysis

14. Endoscopy
Visual examination
Endoscopic surgery

15. Centesis
Centesis: a surgical puncture to remove excess fluid or to remove fluid for diagnostic purposes
Used alone as a noun, or as a suffix in conjunction with the combining form, describing the body part being treated
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16. Centesis Examples of centesis abdominocentesis arthrocentesis
cardiocentesis
pericardiocentesis

17. Imaging Techniques Radiography (x-ray) Computerized tomography (CT)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Fluoroscopy
Diagnostic ultrasound

18. Nuclear Medicine
Utilizes radioactive substances for both diagnosis and treatment purposes.

19. Radiographic Projections and Positioning
Basic radiographic projections

20. Terms Related to Pharmacology
Addiction
Adverse drug reaction (side effect)
Compliance
Contraindication
Drug interaction
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21. Terms Related to Pharmacology
Palliative
Paradoxical drug reaction
Placebo
Idiosyncratic reaction
Potentiation (synergism)

22. Key Word Parts and Definitions
albumin/o
albumin, protein
calc/i
calcium, lime, the heel
-centesis
surgical puncture to remove fluid
creatin/o
creatinine
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23. Key Word Parts and Definitions
glycos/o
glucose, sugar
-graphy
the process of producing a picture or record
hemat/o
blood, relating to the blood
lapar/o
abdomen, abdominal wall
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24. Key Word Parts and Definitions
-otomy
cutting, surgical incision
phleb/o
vein
radi/o
radiation, x-rays
-scope
instrument for visual examination
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25. Key Word Parts and Definitions
-scopy
visual examination
son/o
sound
-uria
urination, urine

26. Questions

27. Question
In Sim’s position, which is used for examining the rectal area, the patient is lying:
face down
on the left side with the right knee drawn up
on the back with the knees up

28. b. on the left side with the right knee drawn up
Answer
b. on the left side with the right knee drawn up

29. Question
A lipid panel measures the ability of the liver to secrete bilirubin into the bile.
True or False?

30. Answer
False. A lipid panel measures the amount of cholesterol in a blood sample. A serum bilirubin test measures the ability of the liver to secrete bilirubin into the bile.

31. Question
Which of these operations cannot be performed using laparoscopic surgery?
appendectomy
cholecystectomy
cesarean section

32. Answer
c. cesarean section

33. Question
Elephants have an average pulse of 27, and for canaries the average is 1,000. What is the average pulse for human beings? 90
120 65

34. Answer
c. 65