1. Which key terms do I need to remember?
Physics 1
Which key terms do I need to remember?

2. States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Solid Liquid Gas
Particle arrangement
Energy and movement
Forces between particles
Compressible?

3. States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Particle arrangement
Close together; regular pattern
Further apart
Far apart; random arrangement
Energy and movement
Little energy; vibrate about fixed position
More energy than solids; particles move freely
Lots of energy; particles move quickly in all directions
Forces between particles
Strong
Weak
None
Compressible? No
Yes

4. Transfer of Energy

5. Conduction
1. ………………. are good conductors and ………………… and ……………. are poor conductors.
2. In metals, ………… electrons move about …………………... They ……………… with each other and the positive ions.
3. When a metal rod is heated, the free electrons ……… ……… and move faster. When they collide with the other electrons and ions ……………… energy is then transferred.
4. Non-metals are ……….. conductors because they do not contain free electrons.

6. Conduction
1. Metals are good conductors and non-metals and gases are poor conductors.
2. In metals, free electrons move about randomly. They collide with each other and the positive ions.
3. When a metal rod is heated, the free electrons gain energy and move faster. When they collide with the other electrons and ions kinetic energy is then transferred.
4. Non-metals are poor conductors because they do not contain free electrons.

7. Convection 1. Liquids and gases are ………….
2. A convection current: when liquids or gases are ………………, they …………….. as the particles move faster. The liquid or gas then becomes ………… ……………. as the particles take up more space. The liquid or gas in hot areas is less dense than the liquid or gas in cold areas, so it ………. into the cold areas. The denser cold liquid or gas falls into the warm areas.

8. Convection 1. Liquids and gases are fluids.
2. A convection current: when they are heated, they expand as the particles move faster. The liquid or gas then becomes less dense as the particles take up more space. The liquid or gas in hot areas is less dense than the liquid or gas in cold areas, so it rises into the cold areas. The denser cold liquid or gas falls into the warm areas.

9. Radiation 1. Emit = Absorb = 2. Increasing temperature……
3. Infrared radiation is
4. Good absorbers and emitters =
5. Poor absorbers and emitters =

10. Radiation 1. Emit = give out Absorb = take in
2. Increasing temperature results in more i.r. radiation being emitted
3. Infrared radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation; travels in waves and can travel in a vacuum
4. Good absorbers and emitters = dark, matt surfaces
5. Poor absorbers and emitters =
light, shiny surfaces

11. Evaporation and Condensation
3. Evaporation is increased by:
4. Condensation is increased by:

12. Evaporation and Condensation
1. Evaporation = some particles have enough energy to escape from the surface of the liquid and turn into a gas. The remaining particles in the liquid have a lower average kinetic energy than before, so the liquid cools down as evaporation happens.
2. Condensation = gas → liquid. Energy is given out.
3. Evaporation is increased by: increasing the surface area or the liquid; increasing the liquid’s temperature; creating a draught
4. Condensation is increased by: increasing the surface area; reducing the temperature of the surface

13. Factors Affecting Heat Transfer
There are 4 factors that increase the rate of heat transfer: 1. 2. 3. 4.

14. Factors Affecting Heat Transfer
There are 4 factors that increase the rate of heat transfer:
1. Bigger temperature difference
2. Larger surface area
3. Larger volume
4. Type of material

15. Heating and Insulating Buildings
1. Heat energy can be lost from a house in a number of places:
2. Methods for reducing energy transfer:
3. Payback time (years) =
If the payback time is too long, the
energy-saving solution is not
………-………………………………

16. Heating and Insulating Buildings
1. Heat energy can be lost from a house in a number of places: loft; walls; doors; windows; roof
2. Methods for reducing energy transfer: loft insulation; cavity wall insulation; double glazing
3. Payback time (years) = cost of installation (£) ÷ savings per year in fuel costs (£)
If the payback time is too long,
the energy-saving solution is not
cost-effective.

17. Specific Heat Capacity
2. The ………..……….. the specific heat capacity, the ………… energy the material can store (e.g. water).
3. U-value =
4. The ……………….. the U-value, the ……………….. it is at insulating.

18. Specific Heat Capacity
1. Specific heat capacity of materials tells us how much energy is needed to increase the temperature of 1kg by one degree Celsius.
2. The higher the specific heat capacity, the more energy the material can store (e.g. water).
3. Materials have a U-value which tells us how well heat travels through a material.
4. The lower the U-value, the better it is at insulating.

19. Types of Energy K H L G C S E N

20. Types of Energy Kinetic (movement energy) Heat (thermal energy) Light
Gravitational potential
Chemical potential
Sound
Electrical
Elastic potential
Nuclear

21. Energy Efficiency
Wasted
Input
Useful

22. Energy Efficiency
Wasted
Input
Useful

23. Sankey Diagram
The thickness of each arrow is drawn to scale to show the amount of energy.
Conservation of energy: total energy before = total energy after

24. Efficiency Efficiency is defined as
Efficiency (%) = useful energy output x 100
total energy input
The closer the efficiency is to 1 or 100%, the more efficient the device is and the less energy it wastes.
No device will have an efficiency of 1 or 100% as some energy is always lost as heat to the surroundings.

25. Example
Efficiency = 75 x 100 = 15% 500

26. Electricity Generation
1. Non-renewable energy sources: 2. Renewable energy sources:

27. Electricity Generation
1. Non-renewable energy sources: coal, oil, gas and nuclear 2. Renewable energy sources: solar, HEP, wave, tidal, geothermal, biogas, wind

28. The heat turns water to steam The steam turns a turbine 4 5 3 2 1
Fossil fuel is burnt
The heat turns water to steam
The steam turns a turbine
The turbine turns a generator
This induces a current and creates electricity

29. National Grid
1. Step-up transformers increase ……………………. This reduces ………………., and so reduces ………………. lost as ……….
2. Step-down transformers reduce ………………….. so that the power supply is safe to use.

30. National Grid
1. Step-up transformers increase voltage. This reduces current, and so reduces energy lost as heat.
2. Step-down transformers reduce voltage so that the power supply is safe to use.

31. Non-Renewable Energy Energy source Advantages Disadvantages Coal Oil
Gas
Nuclear power

32. Non-Renewable Energy Energy source Advantages Disadvantages Coal
Relatively cheap to mine, ready made fuels
Non-renewable, burning produces CO2
Oil
Short start-up time, ready made fuels
Gas
Slightly cleaner fuel than oil and gas and is a ready made fuel
Nuclear power
Produces lots of energy, does not produce CO2
Non-renewable, produces dangerous nuclear waste

33. Renewable Energy Energy source Advantages Disadvantages Wind
Hydroelectric
Solar
Geothermal

34. Renewable Energy Energy source Advantages Disadvantages Wind
Renewable, no fuel costs
No wind sometimes, noisy
Hydroelectric
Can flood areas, disrupts habitats
Solar
No sun at night, some countries don’t get enough sun in the day, panels are expensive
Geothermal
Only available in volcanic regions,

35. Key Terms
1. Start-up time = 2. Base load = 3. Decommission = 4. Carbon capture and storage =

36. Key Terms
1. Start-up time = the time it takes to generate electricity from the moment the power station is started 2. Base load = the minimum amount of electricity needed all the time 3. Decommission = the process of dismantling a nuclear power station safely 4. Carbon capture and storage = technology that removes carbon dioxide emissions from other gases and prevents it from being released into the environment

37. Cost of electricity E = P × t
Units: E - energy transferred in ………..; P - power in …………; T - time in ……….
When calculating cost, power must be measured in …………..
To convert from W to kW you must divide by 1,000. E.g. 2,000 W = 2,000 ÷ 1,000 = 2 kW.
total cost = number of units × cost per unit
total cost = power (kW) × time (h) × cost per unit
kWh – kilowatt hours
kW – kilowatts
h – hour
J - Joule

38. Cost of electricity E = P × t
Units: E - energy transferred in kWh; P - power in kW; T - time in h.
When calculating cost, power must be measured in kWh.
To convert from W to kW you must divide by 1,000. E.g. 2,000 W = 2,000 ÷ 1,000 = 2 kW.
total cost = number of units × cost per unit
total cost = power (kW) × time (h) × cost per unit
kWh – kilowatt hours
kW – kilowatts
h – hour
J - Joule

39. Waves
1. Waves are ……………………. that transfer …………… from place to place without matter being transferred.
2. Some waves must travel through a …………………. (medium).
3. In transverse waves, the oscillations (vibrations) are at …………….. ………………..to the direction of travel and energy transfer. Eg.: electromagnetic waves
4. In longitudinal waves, the oscillations are along the …………. …………………as the direction of travel and energy transfer. Eg.: sound and mechanical waves

40. Waves
1. Waves are vibrations that transfer energy from place to place without matter being transferred.
2. Some waves must travel through a substance (medium).
3. In transverse waves, the oscillations (vibrations) are at right angles to the direction of travel and energy transfer. Examples: electromagnetic waves
4. In longitudinal waves, the oscillations are along the same direction as the direction of travel and energy transfer. Examples: sound and mechanical waves

41. Key Features

42. Characteristics of Waves
All waves undergo reflection, refraction and diffraction.

43. Reflection
1. The angle of …………………. equals the angle of …………………… 2. Waves are reflected uniformly from ………… surfaces. 3. Rough surfaces …………… sound and light in all directions. However, each tiny bit of the surface still follows the rule that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.

44. Reflection
1. The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection 2. Waves are reflected uniformly from smooth surfaces. 3. Rough surfaces scatter sound and light in all directions. However, each tiny bit of the surface still follows the rule that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.

45. Refraction
1. Waves change …………… when they pass through substances with different …………………….
2. This causes them to change …………………… and this effect is called refraction.
3. If waves cross a boundary at an angle of 90° (the ……………..) no refraction occurs.

46. Refraction
1. Waves change speed when they pass through substances with different densities.
2. This causes them to change direction and this effect is called refraction.
3. If waves cross a boundary at an angle of 90° (the normal) no refraction occurs.

47. Diffraction
1. When waves meet a ……… in a barrier, they carry on through the gap and ……………. ………
2. How much they spread out depends on how the …………. of the gap compares to the wavelength………………. of the waves.
3. Gap same size as wavelength =
4. Gap similar size to wavelength =
5. Gap larger than wavelength =

48. Diffraction
1. When waves meet a gap in a barrier, they carry on through the gap and spread out.
2. How much they spread out depends on how the width of the gap compares to the wavelength of the waves.
3. Gap same size as wavelength = no diffraction
4. Gap similar size to wavelength = lots of spreading out
5. Gap larger than wavelength = little spreading out

49. Sound 1. Sound waves are …………………. waves
2. Echoes are ……………………. of sound waves
3. Sound cannot travel in a ………………
4. …………………….. = loudness
5. …………………… = pitch
6. The normal range of human hearing is between about 20 Hz and 20 kHz. The range becomes less as we get older.
7. Sounds with frequencies above about 20 kHz are called ultrasound.

50. Sound 1. Sound waves are longitudinal waves
2. Echoes are reflections of sound waves
3. Sound cannot travel in a vacuum
4. Amplitude = loudness
5. Frequency = pitch
6. The normal range of human hearing is between about 20 Hz and 20 kHz. The range becomes less as we get older.
7. Sounds with frequencies above about 20 kHz are called ultrasound.

51. Electromagnetic Spectrum

52. Electromagnetic Spectrum
Radiowaves
….. and ………….; TVs use higher frequencies than radios
……………….. allows radio signals to be received behind hills and repeater stations are used to improve reception
Microwaves
…………….. …………….. calls
Microwave transmitters and receivers on buildings and masts communicate with the mobile telephones in their range.

53. Electromagnetic Spectrum
Radiowaves
TV and radio; TVs use higher frequencies than radios
Diffraction allows radio signals to be received behind hills and repeater stations are used to improve reception
Microwaves
Mobile phone calls
Microwave transmitters and receivers on buildings and masts communicate with the mobile telephones in their range.

54. Electromagnetic Spectrum
Visible Light
Visible light helps us to communicate via sight
Cameras and video recorders use visible light
Very bright light damages our eyes
Infrared
Used in toasters, heaters and grills
and can cause burns
Used in burglar alarms, remote controls
and security alarms

55. Doppler Effect
When a source (e.g. galaxy) moves ……………… an observer, the observed ……………….. …………….. and the frequency ………………..
When a source (e.g. galaxy) moves …………. ………….. an observer, the observed ……………………. ……………… and the frequency …………………...

56. Doppler Effect
When a source (e.g. galaxy) moves towards an observer, the observed wavelength decreases and the frequency increases.
When a source (e.g. galaxy) moves away from an observer, the observed wavelength increases and the frequency decreases.

57. Red Shift and Big Bang
1. Red Shift = ………………….. in the ………………………. of electromagnetic waves emitted by a star of galaxy due to its motion ………… from us. Further away = ……………… moving and bigger observed increase in wavelength.
2. Galaxies move away from us  wave length increases  suggests at one point in time the universe was all in one place.
3. The Big Bang Theory = the universe was created in a massive ……………….. from a very small point and is still …………………………...
4. Evidence for the Big Bang Theory: ……………; Red Shift

58. Red Shift and Big Bang
1. Red Shift = Further away = faster moving and bigger observed increase in wavelength.
2. Galaxies move away from us  wave length increases  suggests at one point in time the universe was all in one place.
3. The Big Bang Theory = the universe was created in a massive explosion from a very small point and is still expanding.
4. Evidence for the Big Bang Theory: CMBR; Red Shift