1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid
L. More
Olympian high School
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA

2. Connection: Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
C1H2O
Monosaccharides
Lipids
CH>>O
Glycerol & Fatty Acids
Protein
CHO N
Amino Acids
Nucleic Acids
CHO N P
Nucleotides
Phosphate
Sugar
Nitrogenous Base
Nucleotide

3. Respiration Photosynthesis Genetic Inheritance
L. More
Olympian high School
Both Chloroplasts and Mitochondria have their own DNA, leading Evolutionary Biologists to the conclusion that these organelles were once their own separate entities.
Respiration
Krebs Cycle in matrix breaks down carbohydrate
Cristae membrane = a lot of ATP
C6H12O6 + 6O CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Photosynthesis
Thylakoid membranes - have Chlorophyll and make ATP
Calvin Cycle produces carbohydrate (sugar) in stroma
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy ---- C6H12O6 + 6O2
Genetic Inheritance
DNA genetic “blue print” - instructions on being you!
RNA and Protein

4. 1 3 2 DNA Chromosome DNA L. More Olympian high School Nucleotide
Phosphate
Sugar
Chromosome
Nitrogenous Base
DNA
Central Histone (protein)
Nucleosome
DNA
double helix
Spacer Histone (protein)

5. DNA } } A double helix molecule shaped like a twisted ladder
The building blocks of DNA (and RNA) are nucleotides.
Nucleotides consist of repeating units of:
1. Phosphate
2. Sugar (deoxyribose)
3. Nitrogenous base
• Adenine
• Guanine
• Thymine
• Cytosine
1 hexagon ring
+ 1 pentagon ring }
purines }
1 hexagon ring
pyrimidines
The “backbone”of DNA is the phosphate/sugar chain
Blueprint of life (instructions for making an organism)
“All Girls are Pure” - Adenine & Guanine are purines
“Cut The Pie” - Cytosine & Thymine are py…rimidines
Established by James Watson and Francis Crick
Photo 51 - Rosalind Franklin

6. Double Helix DNA StructureP S
Nucleotide: S P
P = phosphate
S = sugar (deoxyribose)
Bases:
Hydrogen Bond:
Chargaff Base-Pair Rule:
Adenine = Thymine
Cytosine = Guanine

7. DNA
Label the DNA strand

8. Check for Understanding
Who established DNA?
What does DNA stand for?
Why is DNA important?
What’s the name given to the DNA shape?
What is the double helix compared to?
What three things make up a nucleotide?
What are the four bases: A, G, T, C ?
What is the Chargaff base-pair rule?
How many hydrogen bonds between A-T? C-G?
What type of bond hold the base pairs together?
Where is DNA located in a eukaryotic cell?
Where is DNA located in a prokaryotic cell?
What is the segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein called?
What would the complementary base be:
A T G C C C T G A A T
T A C G G G A C T T A A C G T G T A C

9. Build your Template Strand
Top 5’
1. Color the Template pieces?
2. Label (Front: P;S; A,T,C,G)
3. Cut out?
4. Build the coding strand
C – T – A – C – T – T – G – A – C – A – T – C
Top 5’
C – T – A – C – T – T – G – A – C – A – T – C
Bottom 3’
Bottom 3’
Reminder: Build from 5’ to 3’ (from Top to Bottom)

10. Build your Template Strand
Top 5’
This is my 1st of 12 nucleotides 4 2 1 5 3
1. Phosphate
2. Sugar
3. Base P S C
1. Phosphate
2. Sugar
3. Base P
C – T – A – C – T – T – G – A – C – A – T – C S T P
1. Phosphate
2. Sugar
3. Base S A P
1. Phosphate
2. Sugar
3. Base S C
Bottom 3’

11. On the back of your strand write:
Finish your Template Strand
On the back of your strand write:
5’ TEMPLATE STRAND 3’
Your Name and Period

12. Build your Complementary Nucleotides
Top 5’ *
Elmers Glue = Covalent Bonds
Phosphodiester bonds
Scotch Tape = Hydrogen Bonds
1. Phosphate
2. Sugar
3. Base C T S A P P S G
1. Phosphate
2. Sugar
3. Base P
C – T – A – C – T – T – G – A – C – A – T – C S T T P S
1. Phosphate
2. Sugar
3. Base P S A
Bottom 3’

13. Build your Original Complementary Strand
Top 5’
Antiparallel direction of the sugars building as 5’ to 3’
Elmers Glue = Covalent Bonds
Phosphodiester bonds
Scotch Tape = Hydrogen Bonds
1. Phosphate
2. Sugar
3. Base C T P S A
1. Phosphate
2. Sugar
3. Base
C – T – A – C – T – T – G – A – C – A – T – C
1. Phosphate
2. Sugar
3. Base
Nucleotide
1. Phosphate
2. Sugar
3. Base
Bottom 3’

14. Build your complementary strand
On the back of this strand write:
5’ Original COMPLEMENTARY STRAND 3’
Your Name and Period

15. DNA Replication
What: Replication is where DNA makes an exact copy of itself
Where: In the nucleus of the cell
When: Right before a cell divides (before mitosis or meiosis)
Why: Cells divide to repair, replace, growth and every new cell needs a copy of the DNA or instructions to know how to be a cell.
How: The double helix “unzips” with a protein enzyme called Helicase and the single strands becomes a template to build the complementary new strands using DNA polymerase and are “tied” together using ligase.
Want to make DNA? Use an enzyme (ase) to attach “many” - poly
Pieces of DNA. And call it: DNA Polymerase!

16. Replication DNA replication is considered semi-conservative
Original
New
Original Strands
New Nucleotides
DNA replication is considered semi-conservative
Because each daughter molecule, consists of
one original strand and one new DNA strand, is an exact
complement of the parent molecule.

17. Check for Understanding
What is replication?
Where does replication occur?
What molecule is being replicated?
Why does replication occur?
What is the result of replication?
How does replication occur?
What enzyme unzips DNA?
Where does the unzipping occur? Between ---
What enzyme is used to build the complementary strands?
Each molecule now has an ___ strand and a ___ strand.
What is the called?
Why is semi-conservative important?
What is this called?
How many copies will you have after replication?
A T G C C C T G A A T
T A C G G G A C T T A

18. Label the following parts on this diagram:
a. original strand
b. new strand
c. circle a nucleotide
what makes up a nucleotide?
_______, _________, & ______
d. point to the location of a sugar
e. point to the location a phosphate
f. point to the location of one base
Answer the following questions:
a. What is this process where DNA makes
a copy of itself called? _____________
b. Why is this process considered to be
semi-conservative? Because ________
_______________________________
c. What base pairs does DNA have?
______________ and ____________
d. What type of bonds hold the bases
together? _______________

19. Replicate your Original Strands
Helicase unzips DNA molecules by breaking the hydrogen bonds holding the nitrogenous bases together.
Use helicase (scissors) to unzip your original 12 base pair DNA Molecule by cutting through the hydrogen bonds (scotch tape) S

20. Replicate your Original Strands1 2 3 4 5
DNA Polymerase
Ligase
DNA Polymerase
Ligase
Antiparallel direction of the sugars building from 5’ to 3’

21. Replicate your original Template Strand AND
Replicate your Complementary Strand
On the back of both of these new strands write:
“New Strand”