1. By Gretel D’Souza, Claude D’Netto, Mandy Grewal, and Anu Kakkar
The Respiratory System
By Gretel D’Souza, Claude D’Netto, Mandy Grewal, and Anu Kakkar

2. Common Word Elements Related to the Respiratory System
Bronchi/o
Bronchus
Laryng/o
Larynx
Nas/o, Rhin/o
Nose
Pharyng/o
Pharynx
Phren/o
Diaphragm
-pnea (suffix)
Breathing (a suffix used in such terms as dyspnea, which means “difficulty in breathing”)
Pneum/o, Pneumon/o, Pulmon/o
Lung
Sinus/o
Sinus Cavity
Trache/o
Trachea

4. The Upper Respiratory System
Nose
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx

5. The Nose Body’s first line of defense against contaminants in the air
Hairs, called cilia, inside the nose filter out particulate matter contained in air entering the nose

6. The Nasal Cavity
Body’s second line of defense against foreign material trying to enter the respiratory system
Nasal cavity lining is coated by mucus which filters out particles that are too small to be picked up by hairs in the nose
Incoming air is warmed and moistened as is passes through the nasal cavity
Outgoing air gives up its heat and water vapor

7. The Pharynx
Incoming air passes out of the nasal cavity into the pharynx, where it is further purified and filtered to eliminate germs and unwanted chemicals

8. The Lower Respiratory System
Larynx
Trachea and Bronchi
Lungs
Diaphragm

9. The Larynx Marks the beginning of the lower respiratory system
Provides us with a means of speech
Passes purified air into the trachea
Larynx prevents food and drink from entering the trachea

11. The Trachea and Bronchi
Often called the windpipe because air flows through it into the bronchi
Trachea is a bit more than 4 in. long
Bronchi start at about shoulder level
As they move into the lungs, they become smaller
Bronchioles are somewhat like capillaries
Get smaller as they extend deeper into the lungs, eventually reaching a diameter of about half a millimeter
Incoming air passes from the bronchi to the lungs

12. The Lungs The apex is the tip of the right lung that points upward
The bottom part of the right lung, called the base, rests on top of the diaphragm
The left lung is almost identical, except for an indentation on its inner side to accommodate the heart

13. The Lungs Cont.
The air flows through the bronchioles and branches off into tiny passageways and sacs, called alveoli (singular alveolus)
Alveoli receive oxygen from the air so that it can be picked up by the blood in the capillaries associated with them

14. The Diaphragm Located at the very bottom of the respiratory system
Initiates the breathing process
When the diaphragm moves downward, the partial vacuum thus formed draws air into the lungs
When it pushes upward, air is expelled from the lungs

15. Structure and Function

16. Alveoli Singular: alveolus From the latin word alveus “trough”
Small cavities in which oxygen is removed from the air delivered by the bronchioles.

17. Apex
Latin: tip
Word used to describe the upper tip of each lung

18. Base
Common English word
Word used to describe the bottom of each lung

19. Bronchi Singular: bronchus Latin: windpipe
Tubes (right and left) branching off from the trachea and into the lungs

20. Bronchiole From the Latin word bronchiolus “small windpipe”
Very small branches of bronchi that extend into the lungs

21. Diaphragm From the Greek word diaphragma “partition”
Muscular partition at the base of the thoracic cavity

22. Phrenic Phren/o- diaphragm; -ic (adjective suffix)
Adjective referring to the diaphragm; synonymous with diaphragmatic

23. Epiglottis Epi- outside; glottis- opening of the windpipe
A mucous membrane covered leaf shaped piece of the cartilage at the root of the tongue

24. Larynx
Vocal cords; voice box

25. Nasal Nas/o- nose; -al (adjective suffix)
Adjective referring to the nose

26. Pharynx Greek word meaning “throat”
Passageway just below the nasal cavity and mouth

27. Pulmonary From the latin word “pulmo” (lung)
Adjective frequently used to modify another term in or associated with the lungs

28. Trachea
From the Greek word “tracheia” meaning rough
windpipe

29. Surgical Procedures

30. Bronchoplasty: Surgical repair of the bronchus
Bronchorrhapy: Suturing of the bronchus
Bronchotomy: Incision into a bronchus

31. Laryngectomy: Excision of the larynx
Laryngoplasty: Surgical repair of the larynx
Laryngotomy: Incision into the larynx

32. Pharyngoplasty: Surgical repair of the pharynx
Pharyngotomy: Incision into the pharynx

33. Pneumonectomy: Removal of the pulmonary lobes from a lung
Pneumonopexy: Surgical fixation of a lung
Pneumonorraphy: Suturing of a lung
Pneumonotomy: Incision into a lung

34. Rhinoplasty: Surgery performed on the nose
Rhinotomy: Surgical incision into the nose

35. Sinusotomy: Incision into a sinus
Tracheoplasty: Surgical repair of the trachea
Tracheotomy: Incision into the trachea for the purpose of restoring airflow to the lungs

36. Practice and Practitioners

37. Laryngology: Branch of the medical study concerned with the larynx and diagnosis and treatment of its diseases
Rhinology: Branch of medical study concerned with the nose and diagnosis and treatment of its diseases
Rhinologist: One who specializes in the study, diagnosis, and treatment of abnormal conditions of the nose

38. More Terms
More Terms

39. Atelectasis
Reduction or absence of air in part or all of a lung, resulting in loss of lung volume

40. Pertussis
An acute infectious inflammation of larnyx, trachea, and bronchi caused by Brodetella pertussis

41. Tuberculosis
Disease caused by presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, most commonly affecting the lungs