1. Figure 1 Pathological features of lupus nephritis subtypes
Figure 1 | Pathological features of lupus nephritis subtypes. a | The proliferation of extracapillary epithelial cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells leads to the formation of cellular crescents. Periodic acid–silver methenamine staining (PASM) ×400. b | Podocyte injury and foot process effacement can also occur in lupus nephritis. Original magnification of electron microscope image ×6,000. c | Mesangial hypercellularity is defined by the proliferation of mesangial cells, matrix expansion and mesangial deposition of immune complexes. Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) staining ×400. d | Diffuse (class IV) lupus nephritis can be subsclassified into segmental (IV-S) and global (IV-G) subclasses. Class IV-S exhibits segmental fibrinoid necrosis with segmental endocapillary hypercellularity (Masson trichrome staining ×400). Class IV-G exhibits global endocapillary and mesangial hypercellularity with infiltration of inflammatory cells (PAS staining ×400). e | Vascular lesions include the presence of immune complex deposits (ICDs) in the vasculature, demonstrated by granular staining for IgG along arteriolar walls (immunofluorescence ×400), arteriosclerosis characterized by arterial intimal fibrosis (PASM staining ×400), and thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) with arteriolar thrombi and swelling of endothelial cells (PASM staining ×400). f | Tubulointerstitial lesions include ICDs in the tubular basement membrane demonstrated by granular staining for IgG (immunofluorescence ×400), interstitial inflammation with severe interstitial infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells (haematoxylin and eosin staining ×400), and tubulitis with infiltration of lymphocytes between tubular epithelial cells (PAS staining ×400).
Yu, F. et al. (2017) Redefining lupus nephritis: clinical implications of pathophysiologic subtypes
Nat. Rev. Nephrol. doi: /nrneph