1. Some Usability Engineering Methods
Randolph Bias
Week 7

2. First . . .
Let’s talk about your projects.

3. Remember . . .
Our approach, within usability engineering of web sites and other user interfaces, is:
Empirical
Iterative
User-Centered Design

4. The Methods of Usability Engineering . . .
Are employed in order to enable you to bring user data (empiricism) to bear on the emerging product design.
You (the usability engineer) become an advocate for the user, in the product development process.

5. One big problem
Cost

6. Three Methods to address cost
Remote End-user testing (lab testing)
Heuristic Evaluations
Usability Walkthroughs
Today let’s talk about WHY and WHEN we employ one method or another, and HOW to carry them out.

7. End-user Testing Also called “lab testing”
Can be done on paper-and-pencil design, prototype, early code, existing product

8. EUT - Benefits Gather performance and satisfaction data
Performance data: time on task, error rates, # calls to the help desk, # references to the documentation,
Satisfaction data: End-of-test questionnaire
Can be find-and-fix or benchmarking
Ensure coverage of certain parts of the UI -- good control

9. EUT - Limitations Artificial situation
Successful test doesn’t “prove” the product works
Need representative users!
Ease of learning vs. ease of use
Hard to test longitudinally

10. EUT -- What to test? Can rarely cover all the UI. I like to test:
critical tasks
frequent tasks
nettlesome tasks

11. Rubin’s 4 Types Exploratory (working on the “skeleton”)
Assessment test (working on the “meat and flesh” of the UI)
Validation test (does it meet the objectives?)
Comparison test (compare two competing designs)
Rubin, J. Handbook of Usability Testing: How to Plan, Design, and Conduct Effective Tests. Wiley: New York, NY, 1994.

12. Set up Create environment (ambient setting, HW, SW)
Identify participants
Establish test roles (test monitor/administrator, data logger, timer, video operator, product experts (SMEs), other observers)
Create test plan
Prepare observers
Prepare test materials

13. What materials? Instructions NDA Permission to videotape
Test scenarios
Questionnaire(s)

14. Conduct the Test Welcome the test participant
Communicate that this is not a test of THEM, and they can leave any time
The scenarios should match the real world setting
Ask the test participants to “think aloud” to better understand intent
Offer post-test questionnaire, and debrief

15. After the Test Quick data to product team
Assign severities and build recommendations
Build archival report
Serve as change agents!

16. Ah, but REMOTE Saves tons of travel money
Allows you to get otherwise hard-to-get test participants.
Allows them to be in their own environments.
Might allow product designers/developers to watch from their own office.
But lose some fidelity of the test environment (video?)
Some added set-up cost (time)

17. What is a Heuristic Evaluation?
Evaluators systematically inspect the application interface to check for compliance with recognized usability guidelines (heuristics). (Thus, an INSPECTION method.)
Identifies major and minor usability problems
- Conducted by three to five experienced usability engineers (or one!)
- Problems are reported along with the heuristic it violates

18. Problems Identified The probability of one evaluator finding . . .
A major usability problem - 42% *
A minor usability problem - 32%
More evaluators = more problems identified
*from

19. Strengths of an HE
Done by people experienced in usability not just “dumb” users
Can identify both major and minor usability problems
Can be done relatively quickly and inexpensively
UNlike EUT, can sometimes cover every corner of a UI or web site

20. Weaknesses of an HE
If done at end of design, designers may be resistant to changes
Some designers/developers may be unmoved by “just opinions”
Experienced usability evaluators may miss content problems that actual users would find
Can HELP address this issue by using SMEs

21. Typical Methodology Interface is exercised
-1st pass to develop the big picture
-2nd pass to accomplish typical tasks
Each problem is reported along with the heuristic it violates
Comments are consolidated
Severity levels – Critical, Major, Moderate, Minor

22. Heuristics Used - Architecture - Task Design
- Navigation and User Control
- Consistency and Standards
- Information is Meaningful
- Flexibility and Efficiency of Use
- User Support
- Recognition rather than Recall
- Aesthetic and Minimalist Design

23. Severity Levels Used Critical Usability Issue: Loss of user data
System shutdown
Abandoned task
Major Usability Issue –
Completed task but considerable frustration or extra steps
Moderate Usability Issue –
- Moderate work around or multiple attempts
* Usability Suggestion

24. Sample Summary of Results38 4
Totals 2
Help
Icons 7
Main IDE 1
Debug
Run Project
Code Editor 16 3
Visual Layout 5
Project Creation
Installation
MINOR
MAJOR
CRITICAL
TYPE

25. Nielsen’s Usability Heuristics
Visibility of system status
The system should always keep users informed about what is going on, through appropriate feedback within reasonable time.
Match between system and the real world
The system should speak the users' language, with words, phrases and concepts familiar to the user, rather than system-oriented terms. Follow real-world conventions, making information appear in a natural and logical order.
User control and freedom
Users often choose system functions by mistake and will need a clearly marked "emergency exit" to leave the unwanted state without having to go through an extended dialogue. Support undo and redo.
Consistency and standards
Users should not have to wonder whether different words, situations, or actions mean the same thing. Follow platform conventions.
Error prevention
Even better than good error messages is a careful design which prevents a problem from occurring in the first place.

26. Nielsen’s Heuristics (cont’d.)
Recognition rather than recall
Make objects, actions, and options visible. The user should not have to remember information from one part of the dialogue to another. Instructions for use of the system should be visible or easily retrievable whenever appropriate.
Flexibility and efficiency of use
Accelerators -- unseen by the novice user -- may often speed up the interaction for the expert user such that the system can cater to both inexperienced and experienced users. Allow users to tailor frequent actions.
Aesthetic and minimalist design
Dialogues should not contain information which is irrelevant or rarely needed. Every extra unit of information in a dialogue competes with the relevant units of information and diminishes their relative visibility.
Help users recognize, diagnose, and recover from errors
Error messages should be expressed in plain language (no codes), precisely indicate the problem, and constructively suggest a solution.
Help and documentation
Even though it is better if the system can be used without documentation, it may be necessary to provide help and documentation. Any such information should be easy to search, focused on the user's task, list concrete steps to be carried out, and not be too large.

27. How to . . .

28. Other Heuristics

29. Welcome . . . . . . to today’s Usability Walkthrough.
You are here to evaluate the Zara Tours web site.
This is a test of the site, not of you.

30. Usability Walkthroughs
Purpose
To collect user data -- from multiple users at one time -- to help drive the design of a user interface

31. Context
This is just one step in a series of “User-Centered Design” methods we’re employing:
Heuristic evaluation (professional judgment)
Usability walkthrough (YOU ARE HERE)
End-user testing in the lab

32. Key Characteristics Three types of people in the room
We’re going to go through some task flows, as a group.
You’ll have hard-copy packets, where you will write the actions you would take, if you were online, carrying out a certain, prescribed task.
No discussion until all have written a response.
We’ll announce the “correct” action (according to the current design).
We’ll discuss the page -- representative users first.

33. HARD Please note . . . Design is
SW development teams budget time to debug the code; we’re debugging the design!

34. This is a test of the DESIGN!
Not a test of YOU.
If you have trouble finding the “right” answers, then WE have a problem with the UI.
The site design team is being very bold, to expose their design to users early like this -- but they’re doing it because they realize the benefit, and they want to get it right!

35. And so . . .
Given the input we hear today, the site design team (assisted by a usability professional) will redesign the interface.

36. The Flow of the Day
We’ll hand you a piece of paper with a scenario description on it.
We’ll hand you a packet of screen shots, in order. DO NOT LOOK AHEAD, please.
We’ll ask you to write down on the page what action you’d take, to accomplish the task in the scenario.

37. The Flow (cont’d.) We’ll announce the “right” answer.
I’ll ask you to indicate if you got it right. When you did not, I’ll welcome discussion.
I’ll welcome the designers and developers to jump in, as discussion winds down.
I’ll let SOME redesign go on, real-time.
Write more comments under the screen.

38. Yet more flow . . . Then you’ll be asked to turn the page.
Now, you’ll have to “reset,” and assume you got to this new page (somehow).
Then, what action would you take on THIS page, while still trying to accomplish the task?
After a scenario, we’ll give you a questionnaire to complete.

39. Benefits Lot of data early in the design cycle.
Usability of individual screens, terminology, SOME task flow.
Collaborative redesign on the fly.

40. Limitations Can’t get some data (e.g., time on task).
You can’t browse, as you might online -- tendency to “lose your place.”
Feel free to turn BACK in your packet, but not ahead.

41. Any questions? We’ll try to finish up by 2:30 or so.
Then have some more informal time to discuss the interface.
We may get more informal at points.
THANK YOU very much for being here.
Absolutely NO ONE should be embarrassed -- not the users, not the developers.

42. OK, first task:
Task 1: Find how many days it takes to make the trek up Mt. Kilimanjaro via the Machame Route.

43. Which, Why, When?

44. Next Week Meet at BMC Software (map to follow, online).
Turn in test plan the week after Spring Break.