1. Chapter 15 Respiratory System

2. 1. Components
---nose
---pharynx
---larynx
---trachea
---bronchi
---lung

3. 2. Trachea and main bronchi
three layers
1)      Mucosa:
---epithelium: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
---lamina propria: CT, contain LC, PC, MC, BV, LV

4. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epi.
ciliated cell: columnar, cilia
goblet cell
basal cell:
-pyramidal, basally-located
-undifferentiated cell→ciliated cell or goblet cell
brush cell:
-columnar, microvilli,
-EM: RER
-function: not very clear
diffuse neuroendocrine cell:
-less, pyramidal
-function: secret hormones to regulate contract of SM and secretion of gland

5. Cilia on the surface of trachea
Ciliated cell
Goblet cell

6. 2) Submucosa:
LCT, with BV, LV and N
tracheal gland: mixed
diffuse LT and LN
S Ig A = secretory component (secreted by epi. cell) + Ig A ( produced by plasma cell)
3) Adventitia:
cartilage ring: “C ” shaped
circular ligament: elastic F
SM- posterior part( membrane part): SM, elastic F, tracheal gland

7. 3. Lung
--paired organ, located in thoracic cavity

8. 1) General structure:
---capsule: visceral layer of pleura- serous membrane-CT + mesothelium
---parenchyma: all branches of bronchi and alveoli( right 3, left 2)
---interstitia: CT, BV, LV, N

9. * bronchi →intrapulmonary bronchial tree( lobar bronchial tree, segmental bronchi and small bronchi)
D < 1mm D < 0.5 mm
→bronchioles →terminal bronchioles →respiratory bronchioles →alveolar duct →alveolar sac → alveoli
* pulmonary lobule: one bronchioles and its all branches and all alveoli
cone or pyramidal-shaped: apex pointed toward the hilum and basal(1.0 cm in D) faced the surface
more CT between them

10. ① from lobar bronchi to small bronchi
2) Conducting portion
① from lobar bronchi to small bronchi
---Regulation of simplification: (gradually)
mucosa:
-epi. : become thinner
-goblet cell ↓
-lamina propria: thinner, SM ↑
submucosa: gland ↓
adventitia: cartilage→cartilage →decreasing
② bronchiole: D < 1mm
---continuous to change
goblet cell, Gland, cartilage ↓ or disappear
smooth muscle ↑,circular mucosa plica ↑
③ terminal bronchiole: D < 0.5 mm
---goblet cell, gland, cartilage disappear
---SM: form a whole layer of circumferential SM
---Wall:
simple columnar epi.: two types of cells
A layer of SM

11. Simple columnar epi: i. ciliated cell ii. secreting cell: Clara cell
EM:
dome-shaped apical
SER
Secreting G: contains proteolytase and oxidase
function:
dissolve the mucus
biological thansformation
undifferentiated cell → ciliated cell
Ciliated cell

12. 3) respiratory portion
①     respiratory bronchiole
---similar to terminal bronchioles:
simple ciliated columnar epi.
smooth muscle
---place where connect with alveoli: gradual changing
simple cuboidal epi. →simple squamous epi.
less SM, elastic F
②  alveolar duct: alveoli connect with it
---wall: hard to see- opening part between two alveoli
simple cuboidal epi. or squamous epi.
SM: single, EF- knob-liked structure
③   alveolar sac:
---many alveoli open to it
---no proper wall, no knob-liked structure
④   alveoli

13. ④   alveoli:
---polygonal, with opening sac- 0.2mm in D, million/per lung, total area: 70-80mm2
---wall:
epi. and basal lamina
alveolar septum: CT with BV, EF

14. a.alveolur epi:
---type I alveolar cell:
LM: flattened, 0.2um, N: round
EM:
plasmalemmal vesicles
tight junction
Function: constitute the blood-air barrier
---type II alveolar cell: scattered, 5-8/per alveoles
LM:
cuboidal or round, with round N
paler- stained, foamy cytoplasm
secreting granules: Osmiophilic multilamellar body
-contains: phospholipid, glycosaminoglycan and protein
microvilli, mito, lysosome, RER, Golgi
Function:
i. secreting surfactant
ii. differentiated into type I alveolar cell

15. b. alveolar septum: CT EF
Fibroblast, macrophage, plasma cell, mast cell
LV, N
capillary: endothelium + basement membrane
* Blood-air barrier: the structure through which the gaseous exchange takes place um
---components:
a layer of liquid
type I alveolar cell and basement M CT
capillary endothelial cell and BM

16. c. alveolar pore: um
---equalize( balance) the air-pressure between alveoli
---lober pneumonia- bacteria or inflammatory spread through the pore

17. d. alveolar marcophage: monocytes- MPS
---dust cell: macrophage which phagocytose carbon or duct particles
---heart failure cell: when lung congested(edema), the alveolar marcophage phagocytose RBC, digest the hemoglobin into hemosiderin(pigment) and accumulated them within macrophage