1. Ionization energies of aluminum
577
1816
2744
11577 kJ
3p1
Ionization energies of aluminum
loses c.s.
3s2
loses repulsions
3s1
loses c.s.
2p6

2. M0 + I.E. → M+ + 1e- IONIZATION ENERGY:
The energy required to remove an electron from an isolated atom
M0 + I.E. → M+ + 1e-
The energy required to remove an electron from an isolated atom
IONIZATION ENERGY:

3. repulsions hn C.S. Photoionization Generally Decreases e-► e-► e-► e-►
Light
Gaseous (isolated) atoms
repulsions
(photons)
ammeter
ions hn
C.S.
e-►
◄e-
Generally Increases

4. Electron Affinity (generally) NM0 + 1e- → NM- + nrg
Repulsions responsible for positive E.A.
N (+7 kJ/mol) p
Generally becomes more negative
(generally)
NM0 + 1e- → NM- + nrg
(The energy change associated with adding an electron to an isolated atom)
Electron Affinity

5. Determining the Atomic Radius of a Nonmetal (Chlorine)

7. Inc. Zeff Inc. Dec. I.E. More Neg. Dec. E.A. Less Neg. Dec.
(more protons)
Inc.
(Zeff▲)
Zeff
Dec.
Inc.
(Zeff▲)
(C.S.)
I.E.
More Neg.
Dec.
E.A.
(Zeff▲)
(Zeff▼)
Less Neg.
Dec.
Atomic Radius
(Zeff▼)
Inc.
(Zeff▼)