1. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

2. consists of those glandular cells, tissues, and organs whose products (hormones) supplement the rapid, short-term coordinating functions of the nervous system.

3. HORMONE
chemical signal sent from cells in one part of an organism to cells in another part (or parts) of the same individual
Chemical messenger
Produced in very small quantities, but cause big changes in their target cells.  
effect may be stimulatory (pencetus) or inhibitory (perencat).  

4. Four (at least) categories of hormone-producing cells in insects:
1) Endocrine glands -- producing hormones and releasing them into the circulatory system.
2) Neurohemal organs -- store their secretory product in a special chamber until stimulated to release it by a signal from the nervous system (or another hormone).
3) Neurosecretory cells -- specialized nerve cells (neurons) that respond to stimulation by producing and secreting specific chemical messengers.  - a link between the nervous system and the endocrine system
4) Internal organs -- hormone-producing cells are associated with organs like ovaries and testes, the fat body, and parts of the digestive system

5. 1) Endocrine glands
the largest glands are found in the prothorax: PROTORACIC GLANDS (A)
Produce ecdysteroids/ molting hormones(ECDYSONE)
stimulate synthesis of chitin and protein in epidermal cells for MOULTING PROCESS
Once reaches adult stage, its prothoracic glands wither (kering/kecut):
never molt again.
(A)
(A)

6. 2) Neurohemal organs 1) CORPORA CARDIACA (B) 2) CORPORA ALLATA (C)
Release prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)
Only release PTTH when received signal from brain
2) CORPORA ALLATA (C)
manufacture juvenile hormone (JH),
Inhibits(merencat) development of adult characteristics during the immature stages
promotes sexual maturity during the adult stage.
(B)
(C)
(B)
(C)

7. Neurosecretory cells (D)
found in clusters, both medially and laterally in the insect's brain.
specialized nerve cells (neurons) that respond to stimulation by producing and secreting specific chemical messengers.   Functionally, they serve as a link between the nervous system and the endocrine system  
secrete brain hormone
(D)
(D)
(D)

8. 4) Internal organs Ovaries and testes
produce gonadal hormones: to coordinate courtship and mating behaviors.
  Ventral ganglia in the nervous system
eclosion hormone that helps an insect shed (tanggal) its old exoskeleton
bursicon: that causes hardening and tanning of the new one.  

9. CHEMICAL COMMUNCATION IN INSECTS (SEMEIOCHEMICAL)

10. 3 modes of communication:
Acoustical: produce sounds
Visual
Chemical: MOST IMPORTANT

11. chemicals that mediate interactions between organisms Intraspecific:
SEMIOCHEMICAL
chemicals that mediate interactions between organisms
Intraspecific:
pheromones
btw two members of same species
Interspecific:
allelochemicals
btw 2 members from different species

12. INTRASPECIFIC (PHEROMONES)
2 types of pheromones
i) Primer pheromones
Slower to act: physiologically alter (ubah) endocrine and reproductive system
Eg: queen pheromones
pheromone secretions of the queen honey bee (Apis mellifera) are partially responsible for the inhibition of worker ovary development (become sterile) so no new queen is produce

13. ii) Releaser pheromones
Immediate response (nervous system)

14. RELEASER PHEROMONES i) ALARM PHEROMONES ii)SEX PHEROMONES
Common in social insects
When threaten or injured: alarm other members to disperse
ii)SEX PHEROMONES
Attract males & females
iii)AGGREGATION & RECRUITMENT PHEROMONES
ants: lay trails, lead to food
bark beetle: aggregate to attack the tree bark

15. iv) IDENTIFICATION v)SPACING to recognize members of same sp.
eg: colony odor in honey bees: strange worker from diff. colony killed
v)SPACING
as repellents/deterents
eg: parasitic wasp: release spacing pher. on parasitized eggs

16. vi) FUNERAL PHEROMONES
to make sure nests are kept clean
alien and dead objects immediately removed
too large, seal them in tomb

17. INTERSPECIFIC (ALLELOCHEMICALS)
2 types:
i) allomones
emitted by one member of sp to a member of diff. sp, favourable to the emitter (penghasil chemical)
eg: stink bug released chemicals, delivered to predator

18. ii) kairomones
released by a member of 1 sp, but favorable to the recipients of another sp
eg; human emit lactic acid, attract the mosquitoes (favor to the mosquitoe)

19. any of various internally secreted compounds formed in endocrine glands, that affect the functions of specifically receptive organs or tissues when transported to them by the body fluids.
any chemical substance released by an animal that serves to influence the physiology or behavior of other members of the same species.
any chemical substance released by an animal that serves to influence the behavior of other species