1. Ch. 8 – Nationalism and Economy
American Pageant, Chs.

2. The Era of Good Feelings (1816-1825)

3. The Era of Good Feelings
After the War of 1812, America experienced an “Era of Good Feelings” characterized by:
An extremely popular president
The emergence of a 2nd generation of U.S. leaders
Dominance by the Republicans
A surge in nationalism that united the country & improved U.S. industry & transportation

4. Monroe as President
James Monroe was elected president in 1816 & 1820 with a clear set of goals:
To promote national unity
To promote America’s power in the world
Republican dominance of the presidency & Congress helped push through a series of new laws
He appointed Democrats, Federalists, Southerners, Northerners to his cabinet; including Sec of State John Q Adams

6. The Great Triumvirate
By 1816, a wave of new leaders shaped the antebellum era:
Henry Clay (Republican, KY) :
Represented the “West”
Speaker of the House
Proponent of national economic development (“American System" to promote industry & markets for farmers)

7. The Great Triumvirate
By 1816, a new wave of leaders shaped the antebellum era:
John C. Calhoun (Republican, SC):
Represented the “South”
Sec of War; VP
He was the nation's leading proponent of states' rights (he embraced nullification)

8. The Great Triumvirate Daniel Webster (Whig, MA):
By 1816, a new wave of leaders shaped the antebellum era:
Daniel Webster (Whig, MA):
Represented the “North”
Congressman; Sec of State
Strong proponent of nationalism & strong critic of states' rights
While they did not always agree, this “Great Triumvirate” of Clay, Calhoun, & Webster enthusiastically supported national economic development

9. Politics After the War of 1812
Who else are you going to vote for?
The Dem-Repubs traditionally represented limited gov’t, states' rights, & strict construction
But, without Federalist opposition, the Dem-Repubs adopted many traditionally Federalist policies:
National economic development
A permanent army
Transportation improvements
A national university in D.C.

10. Henry Clay’s American System
All were proposed by Hamilton & opposed by Republicans in the 1790s
1st significant protective tariff in U.S. history
Jefferson let the charter of the 1st BUS expire in 1811
Henry Clay’s American System in 1816 proposed the creation of:
The 2nd Bank of the U.S. to stabilize U.S. currency
Tariff of 1816 to promote U.S. industry & limit the importation of British manufactured goods
A nat’l system of roads & canals
The “American System” helped unify North, South, & West
Helped pave the way for future RR construction & western Indian removal

11. Judicial Nationalism
John Marshall ( ) used the Supreme Court to strengthen the power of the national gov’t:
Exerted the power of the national gov’t over the states
Rejected the claim that states could check powers of the national gov’ t
Affirmed the loose construction argument of the elastic clause

12. Judicial Nationalism
Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819): gov’t cannot interfere with contracts between private parties
McCullough v. Maryland (1819): Congress possesses powers not explicitly stated in Constitution; Congressional laws are supreme to decisions made by the states
Gibbons v. Odgen (1824): interstate commerce is power reserved for national gov’t
Each case is hyperlinked to to an overview of the case

13. Nationalist Foreign Policy
President Monroe & Sec of State JQ Adams developed a nationalist foreign policy agenda
The Convention of 1818 set the US/Canada border set at the 49º
Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817): to avoid conflicts along the Great Lakes, the U.S. agreed not to take Canada & Britain not to invade the U.S

14. Nationalist Foreign Policy
Monroe & JQ Adams turned their attention to acquiring Florida:
Andrew Jackson took it upon himself to end Indian attacks on Georgia from Spanish Florida
Jackson’s military advances & U.S. success in the War of 1812 helped force the Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) that ceded Florida & Oregon to U.S.
Also, Spain assumed Florida would eventually be annexed
U.S. agreed to pay Spain $5 million & renounced claims to Texas

15. Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

16. Nationalist Foreign Policy
The U.S. will protect Latin American independence
When Latin American nations revolted against Spain, the U.S. supported the new republics:
European powers disliked these liberal rebellions & were tempted to re-conquer them
Monroe Doctrine (1823) warned European nations to stay out of the Western Hemisphere & the U.S. will not interfere in Europe
The U.S. will act independently & will protect its sphere of influence

18. Sectionalism in the Era of Good Feelings

19. Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi
The end of the War of 1812 unleashed a rush of pioneers into the western territories
Many settled in the West to escape overpopulation, rising land prices, & worn-out soil in the East
The 2nd BUS made credit available for farmers to purchase land

20. Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi
By 1810, 1/7th of the U.S. population lived in the West; By 1840 over 1/3rd lived in the West
Congress quickly admitted 5 states to the Union:
Indiana (1816)
Illinois (1818)
Alabama (1819)
Mississippi (1817)
Louisiana (1812)

21. Sectional Disputes
The Era of Good Feelings started with a wave of national unity, but sectional disputes between the North & South emerged & would dominate politics for next 40 years
Disagreed over the use of protective tariffs, especially when cotton prices fell in 1820s
Disagreed over slavery in the western territories & states

22. Missouri Compromise
Population was growing more rapidly in North, so House of Reps favored Northerners
In 1817, Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state & revealed U.S. sectional rivalries:
North resented Southern control of presidency & its 3/5-inflated representation in House of Reps
South feared a Northern conspiracy to end all slavery
Equality had been maintained by alternating admission of “free” & “slave” states added to the US
NY rep Tallmadge wanted Missouri only if its state constitution provided for the gradual elimination of slavery

23. American Slave Population, 1790-1820

24. Missouri Compromise (1820)
Missouri became a slave state
Maine (which broke from Mass) was admitted as free state
Slavery was banned elsewhere in the Louisiana Purchase above the latitude of 36°30'
The Missouri controversy exposed a deep rift between North & South

25. Missouri Compromise,

26. Conclusions The “Era of Good Feelings” led to:
An improved American economy
Better transportation
More territory & more clearly-defined borders
A foreign policy in Latin America
But…sectional problems between the North & South

27. Essential Question:
How did new inventions & improved transportation help facilitate a national market economy in the 1840s?
Lesson Plan for Thursday, October 9, 2008: Warm-Up Question, Market Revolution Notes

28. A Revolution in Transportation

29. A Revolution in Transportation
In 1816, Henry Clay’s American System initiated federally funded “internal improvements”
The National Road became the 1st federal transportation project
Thousands of private turnpikes were built by entrepreneurs
Roads were useful but they did not meet the demand for low-cost, over-land transportation

30. By 1832, nearly 2,400 miles of roads connected most major cities
America's 1st Turnpike:
Lancaster, PA 1790
By 1832, nearly 2,400 miles of roads connected most major cities

31. Cumberland (National Road), 1811

32. Principal Canals by 1840
Steamboats & canals stimulated commercial agriculture by providing for the free-flow of manufactured goods to the West

33. Steamboats & Canals
Mississippi & Ohio Rivers helped farmers get their goods to the East but there was no way to get manufactured goods to the West:
Fulton’s invention of steamboats helped connect the West with Northern manufacturing
State-directed canal projects cut shipping costs by 90% between the West & the North
Steamboats provided upstream shipping with reduce costs & increased speeds

34. Robert Fulton’ s Steamboat
The Clermont

35. The Erie Canal (1825) provided the 1st link between East & West
The Erie Canal made New York City the commercial capital of the U.S.

36. Inland Freight Rates

37. The Railroad
From 1840 to 1860, the greatest new transportation advance was the expansion of railroads
In 1840s, railroads began to challenge canals’ dominance
Stimulated industrial & commercial agricultural growth
Led to new forms of finance, such as “preferred stock” & state & local gov’t subsidies

38. The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)

39. The Railroad Revolution, 1850s
Railroad Expansion by 1860
The Railroad Revolution, 1850s
The Expansion of Railroads by Region
Immigrant labor built railroads in the North
Slave labor built railroads in the South

40. Transportation Revolution by 1840: Rivers, Roads, Canals, & Railroads
Jackson’s assault on the 2nd BUS in the 1830s, killed Clay’s “American System” but it did not stop transportation improvements

41. The Market Revolution

42. The Industrial Revolution Booms
In the 1840s, American industrial production became more efficient:
Due to numerous industrial innovations, growth of factories, & a demand for goods from farmers in West & South
Led to an increased division of labor & urbanization in the North & an increase in staple-crop commercial farming

43. Rise of Commercial Agriculture
Ohio, NY, & PA specialized in wheat while the South grew tobacco, rice, & cotton
The antebellum era saw a boom in specialized, staple-crop, “commercial” farming due to:
Lower transportation costs
New agricultural innovations like McCormick’s mechanical reaper, Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, the steel plow, thresher, & cultivator
The use of long-distance marketing & credit to sell crops

44. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1793
Actually invented by a slave!

45. John Deere & the Steel Plow

46. Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper

47. Early Industrialism
In 1815, 65% of all U.S. clothing was made by women at home in the “putting out” system
By 1840, textile manufacturing grew, especially in New England, due to a series of new inventions
The most famous factory was the Lowell Mill in Boston
Still, only 9% of Americans were involved in manufacturing
“Cottage Industry”
Brought families extra income

48. Samuel Slater (“Father of the Factory System”)
Early Textile Loom
Samuel Slater (“Father of the Factory System”)

49. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer
1840s Sewing Machine

50. Eli Whitney’s Other Critical Invention
Introduced Interchangeable Rifle Parts

51. Samuel Morse’s Telegraph in 1840
(Two more critical inventions of the era that have little to do with the Market Revolution)
Cyrus Field’s Transatlantic Cable, 1858
Samuel Morse’s Telegraph in 1840

52. The Lowell System: The 1st Dual-Purpose Textile Plant
Lowell Boarding Houses
The Lowell System: The 1st Dual-Purpose Textile Plant
Francis Cabot Lowell’s town

53. What was their typical “profile?”
Lowell Girls
What was their typical “profile?”

54. New England Dominance in Textiles

55. Essential Question:
What problems developed as a result of American industrialism & immigration from ?
Lesson Plan for Friday, October 10, 2008: RQ 12A, Finish any leftover notes, Immigration & Nativism Activity

56. The Market Revolution
By 1840, improved transportation & innovation reduced time & cost to ship goods & allowed for a national market economy:
U.S. developed a self-sustaining national economy of commercial farming & manufactured goods
But, the U.S. economy was driven by regional specialization
Northern industry
Southern cotton production
Western commercial farming

57. America in 1840 The Antebellum South
Cotton production divided society in the Deep South:
Large plantations with lots of slaves made good money
Poor yeoman (with few or no slaves) mixed commercial & subsistence farming

59. Slave Population, 1820
Slave Population, 1840
Slave Population, 1860

60. America in 1840 The Antebellum West Land was cheap
Settlers transformed the West from wilderness to cash-producing farms:
Wheat & corn
Hogs & cattle
Better transportation made it easier for farmers to get their goods to market

61. America in 1840 The Antebellum North
Shifted from yeoman to small commercial farming
Made manufactured goods for farmers in the West & South
Experienced rapid urbanization

62. U.S. Urban Centers

63. American Population Centers in 1820

64. The Market Revolution
New innovations made work easier & improved American industry & agriculture
However, the U.S. was not an “industrial society” in the 1840s
60% of the population were still involved in farming
Most production was still done traditionally in small workshops