1. Cultural Transformations: Religion

2. The Globalization of Christianity
In 1500, Christendom was in Europe and divided between Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy
On the defensive against Islam

3. The Protestant Reformation
1517, Martin Luther wrote Ninety-Five Theses
Theological debate: Salvation by faith alone, everyone can read and interpret the Bible, Bible not Pope is the authority
Politically: Some political leaders saw this schism in church as a way to take more power and land from the RCC
Socially: Middle-class saw it as a way to express opposition to the social order
Did not provide new freedoms for women: convents closed in Protestant areas, Mary not worshipped, literacy increased though

4. Continued… Printing press: Johann Gutenberg
Variety of Protestant churches: different kinds in different states (Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Anabaptist…..later some of these would split too)
War in France: , Catholics vs. Protestants (Huguenots), St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre in 1572, Edict of Nantes by Henry IV, religious tolerance
Thirty Years’ War: , started in HRE, almost 1/3 of German population died, Peace of Westphalia, each state is sovereign
Counter Reformation: Council of Trent , reaffirm beliefs, end abused and corruption, crackdown on heretics

5. Christianity Outward Bound
“In search of Christians and of spices”
God, Gold, Glory
Spread of Christianity goes hand and hand with empire building
Missionaries

6. Conversion and Adaptation in Spanish America
Religion of the victors---their God is more powerful
Women had no role in RCC. Convents for Spanish women in America.
Christianity was exclusive, should not blend traditional ideas or rituals. Those who continued to practice their old ways were punished. Still there was resistance.
Taki Onqoy: Peru, dancing teachers, called people to turn against Spanish and Christianity, their gods would have revenge
There was blending. Veneration of Saints

7. China and the Jesuits
Chinese had not been conquered by Christians, so different from America
Missionaries had to have permission from Emperor to be in China
Jesuits aimed at the elite
Matteo Ricci (in China ), learned Chinese, studied Confucianism, dressed like Chinese scholars, different approach to conversion—not force but exchange of ideas
No massive conversion---not really needed and it was “all-or-nothing”
Emperor Kangxi forbid Christianity in 1715 due to Pope’s challenge to not blend religious ideas
Some Chinese also questioned Christian beliefs and saw them as uneducated and lower class (superstition, cannibalism, rebellion?)

8. Persistence and Change in Afro-Asian Cultural Traditions
Christianity was not the only religion expanding or transforming
African ideas spread to Americas, syncretic religions formed pulling in Christian ideas
Islam, China, India

9. Expansion and Renewal in the Islamic World
Islam continued to spread by Sufis, Islamic scholars, and traders.
Diversity of belief and practice, syncretism
Wahhabi Movement: Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, upset about idolatry, backed by Ibn Saud in Arabia, women’s rights

10. China: New Directions in an Old Tradition
During Ming and Qing dynasties Confucianism continued
Neo-Confucianism: blended in ideas of Buddhism and Daoism, anyone could achieve a virtuous life by inspection and contemplation without the extended education, withdrawal from the world was not needed to reach enlightenment
Kaozheng: research based on evidence, seek truth from facts, scientific approach to the study of the past
Entertainment: paintings, plays, novels, teahouses, etc.

11. India: Bridging the Hindu/Muslim Divide
Hindu majority under Muslim Mughal rule
Bhakti: devotional form of Hindu, Mirabai
Sikhism: founded by Nanak, “there is no Hindu; there is no Muslim; only God”, Guru Granth (teacher book)