1. The Origins of Eastern Philosophy

2. Confucianism
A Chinese ethical and philosophical system developed from the teachings of Confucius (551 – 479 BCE).
Cultures strongly influenced: China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore.
Stresses moral development of the individual so that the state can be governed by moral virtue rather than by the use of coercive laws.
Why do we need laws in western society?

3. The Mandate of Heaven

4. Chinese Dynastic Cycle

5. Themes Ritual Relationships Filial Piety Benevolence and Mutuality
Reverence and service to seniors ↔ Duties of benevolence and concern toward juniors
The Five Bonds (Respect for Elders):
Ruler to Ruled
Father to Son
Husband to Wife
Elder Brother to Younger Brother
Friend to Friend

6. Themes (Cont’d) Loyalty Humanity The Gentleman
The greatest human virtue
Family → Spouse → Ruler → Friends
Humanity
Ethic of Reciprocity (“The Golden Rule”)
The Gentleman
The “Perfect” Man (Junzi)
Combines the qualities of saint, scholar, and gentleman
Cultivate themselves morally
Show filial piety and loyalty
Cultivate humanity or benevolence

7. Criticism of Confucianism
Promotion of Corruption
Abuse of obedience & loyalty
Inability to Evolve
Filial piety can lead to stagnation
Failure to adapt to a changing world (too traditional)
Loss of Free Will (Individuality)
If children are to obey their parents, then it is up to their parents to decide their future.
Upsetting the harmony and order of parents

8. Criticism of Confucianism (Cont’d)
Question of Individuality
Timing of assumption of role as elder
At what point do you become an “elder?” When can the younger generation choose their own destinies?
Female Inequality
Wives listening to their husbands = social harmony
Examples: No names, no education, domestic responsibilities