1. Racial and Ethnic Stratification
Chapter 11

2. Groups
Racial – set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on social significance (White, Asian, African)
Ethnic – set apart from others because of national origin or distinctive cultural patterns (Puerto Rican, Italian, Irish)
Minority – group whose members have significantly less control or power than others

3. Terms
Prejudice - A negative attitude toward an entire category of people often a minority group
Ethnocentrism – the tendency to assume that one’s own culture and way of life is the norm and superior to others
Discrimination – denial of opportunities because of prejudice
Stereotypes – an unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group

5. Intergroup Relations
Amalgamation – majority and minority combine to form a new group
Assimilation – a person forsakes his or her own cultural traditions to become part of a different group
Segregation – refers to the physical separation of two groups of people in terms of residence, workplace or social groups
Pluralism – minority group does not forsake their culture

6. Invisible Knapsack Peggy McIntosh (Feminist View Point)
Essay - "White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack, based on racial inequality."
“White privilege is like an invisible weightless knapsack of special provisions, maps, passports, codebooks, visas, clothes, tools and blank checks.”

7. Institutional Discrimination
Jim Crow Laws
Transportation Security Act – all airport screeners must be US citizens

8. Jim Crow Laws
“Any Negro man and white woman, or any white man and Negro woman, who are not married to each other, who shall habitually live in and occupy in the nighttime the same room shall each be punished by imprisonment not exceeding twelve (12) months, or by fine not exceeding five hundred ($500.00) dollars,” -Florida
“Any person.. .who shall be guilty of printing, publishing or circulating printed, typewritten or written matter urging or presenting for public acceptance or general information, arguments or suggestions in favor of social equality or of intermarriage between whites and Negroes, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and subject to fine not exceeding five hundred (500.00) dollars or imprisonment not exceeding six (6) months or both.” - Mississippi Law

9. Literacy Test A test one needed to pass in order to vote.
“1. A United States senator elected in November takes office the following year on what date?
2. The Constitution limits the size of the District of Columbia to what?
3. The electoral vote for president is counted in the presence of what two bodies?
4. Of the 13 original states, the one with the most representation in Congress was which?”
-Alabama Literary Test

10. Land Controlled by Native Americans 1784 - Today

11. Affirmative Action
Policies that take factors including race, color, religion, gender, sexual orientation or national origin into consideration in order to benefit an underrepresented group
Regents of University of California vs. Bakke (1978) – Outlawed quotas. Allows equal candidates and take the one who was denied opportunity
University of Michigan Law school admitted just 9% of white students with a certain grade point average and LSAT scores while admitting 100% of African Americans with the same scores. Ruled unconstitutional because too much like quotas.

12. Where the Minority Majority Exists

13. Racial Profiling
Racial profiling is the use of an individual’s race or ethnicity by law enforcement personnel as a key factor in deciding whether to engage in enforcement (e.g. make a traffic stop or arrest). The practice is controversial and is illegal in many jurisdictions.

14. The Clark Experiment
Kenneth Bancroft Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark were African-American psychologists who conducted research on children.
Doll Experiment - The doll experiment involved a child being presented with two dolls. Both of these dolls were completely identical except for the skin and hair color. One doll was white with blonde hair, while the other was brown with black hair. The child was then asked questions inquiring as to which one is the doll they would play with, which one is the nice doll, which one looks bad, which one has the nicer color, etc. The experiment showed a clear preference for the white doll among all children in the study.

15. Black Lives Matter
Black Lives Matter is movement, which organizes protest around the deaths of black people in killings by law enforcement as well as as issues such as police brutality and racial profiling. The hashtag first appeared in 2013 after the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the shooting death of Trayvon Martin. It gained notoriety after large protests due to the deaths of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri and Eric Garner in NYC.

16. Anti-Immigration Laws
Naturalization Act of restricted all immigration into the U.S. to only "white persons and persons of African descent," meaning that all Chinese were ineligible for citizenship from that time till Also, this law was the first significant bar on free immigration in American history.
1917 Immigration Act – Literacy Tests
Comprehensive Immigration Law of 1924 – placed quotas on immigration

17. Literacy Tests