1. I can… Agenda Index Card Question HW Review Translation Notes
Stick People Lab
Codon Bingo
Mutations Notes
QuizIzz
Homework: Transcription & Translation Worksheet
Describe the process of translation
Explain the steps of the central dogma of biology
Translate codons to Amino Acids
Discuss the various types of mutations and their effects 

2. Translation and Proteins

3. Protein Review What are the monomers of proteins?
How many different Amino Acids are there?
What are the three parts of an Amino Acid?
Amino Acid 20
Amine Group
Carboxyl Group
R Group

4. Translation
mRNA is translated into a protein (polypeptide), or a string of amino acids held together by peptide bonds
Purpose: to make proteins
Location: Cytoplasm

5. Codon Any three consecutive nucleotides on mRNA
CODES for an amino acid.
AUG= Start/Methionine
UAA, UGA or UAG= Stop
Anticodon: complementary codon on tRNA

6. Translation - Initiation
Image 1 of 4
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The ribosome binds to the mRNA cap and moves down the mRNA until the start codon (AUG) reaches the ribosome’s P site
Next the first tRNA (with the anti-codon UAC) will bind to the ribosome

7. Translation - Elongation
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met
Peptide bond
Met= methionine
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A new tRNA molecule attaches to the ribosome in the A site. This tRNA will pair with the next codon of mRNA.
The ribosome will form a peptide bond between the amino acids attached to the first two tRNAs.

8. Translation - Elongation
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To be recharged
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Once the bond is formed the ribosome will move over causing the tRNA to enter the ribosome’s E side and exit the ribosome.

9. Protein Synthesis

10. Translation - Termination
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AGC
The ribosome will continue to move down the mRNA, adding amino acids to the growing string of amino acids until it reaches the stop codon.
No tRNA bonds to the ribosome and translation is over!
The complex will come apart.

11. Translation - Termination
Image 4 of 4
AGC
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Box #4
The ribosome will continue to move down the mRNA, adding amino acids to the growing string of amino acids until it reaches the stop codon.
No tRNA bonds to the ribosome and translation is over!
The complex will come apart.

12. Translation Mechanism
MET
This process continues until a stop codon is reached, at which point the mRNA strand, tRNA units, and rRNA subunits are all released.
MET
ISO
PRO A U G C
tRNA
U A U
tRNA
U A C
tRNA
U A C
tRNA
U A U
tRNA
G G G
Start Codon (Methionine)
Large Ribosomal Subunit (rRNA)
E Site
A Site
P Site
mRNA A U G C
Small Ribosomal Subunit (rRNA)

13. I can… Agenda Index Card Question HW Review Translation Notes
Stick People Lab
Codon Bingo
Mutations Notes
QuizIzz
Describe the process of translation
Explain the steps of the central dogma of biology
Translate codons to Amino Acids
Discuss the various types of mutations and their effects 

14. Mutations Mutations can happen in two locations:
Sex cells: affect the offspring
Body cells: affect the individual only
Mutations can have one of three affects:
Those that cause a disease
Those that are beneficial
Silent mutations: do not cause disease – most common
Mutations can be one of two types:
Point mutations: affecting single nucleotide
Chromosomal mutations: affect section of or whole chromosome

15. Causes of Mutations Mistakes in base paring during DNA Replication
DNA Polymerase can usually detect such errors
When missed, may cause many genetic disorders
Chemicals: like tobacco
Can lead to cancer because it changes the genes that regulate mitosis
Radiation: including UV (sun) and X-ray

16. Point Mutations 1. Substitution
One nitrogen base is substituted for another
Sickle Cell Anemia: substitute A for T

17. Point Mutations 2. Deletions and insertions
When a nitrogen base is deleted or added
Causes a Frame shift mutations- because it moves the codon up or down
Changes the sequence of amino acids

18. Mutation Expression
Silent: no change in original sequence of proteins. May occur from change in base that does not change codon, or to a codon that codes for the same Amino Acid

19. Missense: change in one DNA base pair that results in the substitution of one amino acid for another

20. Nonsense: change in on DNA base pair that results in premature stop codon
Rather than coding for an Amino Acid, the stop codon ends the production of the polypeptide chain
Results in a shortened protein that may function improperly or not at all.
Most severe outcome.