1. Innovation and Entrepreneurship
PRACTICE AND PRINCIPLES
Norhaniza Abdul Latiff

2. Contents Preface Introduction: The Entrepreneurial Economy
The Practice of Innovation
The Practice of Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurial Strategies
Conclusion: The Entrepreneurial Sociality

3. The Practice of Innovation
Systematic Entrepreneurship
Purposeful Innovation and the Seven Sources for Innovative Opportunity
Sources: The Unexpected
Sources: Incongruities
Sources Process Need
Sources: Industry and Market Structures
Sources: Demographics
Sources: Changes in Perception
Sources: New Knowledge
The Bright Idea
Principles of Innovation

4. 1:Systematic Entrepreneurship
Concept about entrepreneur?
Entrepreneurship, and economic theory, social theory?
Entrepreneurship ,risk ,and methodology

5. Concept about entrepreneur?
Say’s definition: shifts economic resources out of an area of lower and into an area of higher productivity and greater yield.
U.S. way: one who starts his own, new and small business.
Drucker’s comments: entrepreneurship does not need small , new and economic affairs

6. Drucker’s Concept about entrepreneur?
Entrepreneur create something new, something different; they change and transmute value.
Entrepreneur see change as the norm and as healthy.
The entrepreneur always searches for change, responds to it, and exploits it as an opportunity

7. Entrepreneurship and economic theory, social theory?
Entrepreneurship rests on a theory of economy and society
Joseph Schumpeter: dynamic disequilibrium brought on by the innovating entrepreneur ,rather than equilibrium and optimization, is the norm of a healthy economy and the central reality for economic theory and economic practice.
Entrepreneurship pertains to all activities of human beings, including business, economic and social sphere

8. Entrepreneurship ,risk ,and methodology
Entrepreneurship, it is commonly believed, is enormously risky
Entrepreneurship is risky mainly because so few of the so-called entrepreneur know what they are doing. they lack methodology
Entrepreneurship does need, however, to be systematic, to be managed. Above all ,it needs to be based on purposeful innovation.

9. 2:Proposeful Innovation and Seven Sources for Innovation
About innovation?
The theory and practice of innovation?
Systematic innovation?
The seven sources of innovative opportunity?

10. About innovation
Innovation is the specific instrument of entrepreneurship. It is the act that endows resources with a new capacity to create wealth
Whatever changes the wealth-producing potential of already existing resources constitutes innovation
Innovation does not have to be technical, it is also an economic or social term
Innovation can be defined as changing the yield of resources, or defined in demand terms rather than in supply terms, that is as changing the value and satisfaction obtained from resources by the consumer

11. The theory and practice of innovation?
Theory: we can not yet develop a theory of innovation
Practice: we know enough to develop, but still only in outline form

12. The theory and practice of innovation
We already know enough: when, where, and how one looks systematically for innovation opportunities
And how one judges the chances for their success or the risks of their future

13. From Invention,Research to Innovation
Invention: one of the great achievements of the nineteenth century was the ”invention of invention.”
Invention was mysteries ,resulted from ”flash of genius”

14. From Invention,Research to Innovation
Research:by1914,the time WW1 broke out, invention had become research
Research is a systematic, purposeful activity, which is planned and organized with high predictability both of the results aimed at and likely to be achieved
Something similar now has to be done with respect to “INNOVATION” ,i.e. systematic innovation

15. Successful Entrepreneur and Systematic innovation?
Successful Entrepreneur have to learn to practice systematic innovation
Successful entrepreneur do not wait until “the Muse kiss them” and gives them a “bright idea”; they go to work, they try to create new and different values and new and different satisfactions, to convert a “material” into a “resources” ,or to combine existing resources in a new and more configuration
And it is CHANGE that always provides the opportunity for the New and Different

16. Systematic innovation
The overwhelming majority of successful innovation exploit change.
Systematic innovation consists in the purposeful and organized search for changes, and in the systematic analysis of the opportunities such changes might offer for economic or social innovation

17. Systematic innovation
The discipline of innovation (and it is the knowledge base of entrepreneurship) is a diagnostic discipline: a systematic examination of areas of change that typically offer entrepreneurial opportunities
Systematic innovation means monitoring seven sources for innovative opportunities

18. The seven sources of innovative opportunities
The unexpected—success, failure, or event
The incongruity-reality as it actually is, assumed to be, and ought to be
Innovation based on process need-
Changes in industry structure or market structure that catch everyone unawares-
Demographics (population changes)
Changes in perception, mood, and meaning
New knowledge, both scientific or nonscientific

19. The seven sources of innovative opportunities
The first four sources lie within the enterprise, and are visible primarily to people within.
They are highly reliable indicators of changes that already happened or can be made to happen with little effort

20. The seven sources of innovative opportunities
The seconded three sources involves changes outside the enterprise or industry
The seven sources require separate analysis, for each has its own distinct characteristic

21. 3:Sources:The Unexpected
The unexpected success
The unexpected failure
The unexpected outside event

22. The unexpected success
Offered the most richest opportunities for successful innovation ,with less risky and less arduous
Yet the unexpected success is almost totally neglected

23. The unexpected success
The first thing is to ensure that the unexpected is being seen. It must be properly featured in the information management obtains and studies

24. The unexpected success
Management must look at every unexpected success with the questions:(1)What would it mean to us if we exploited it?(2)Where could it lead us?(3)What would we have to do to convert it into an opportunity? And (4)How do we go about it?

25. The unexpected success
The unexpected success is an opportunity; it demands innovation .It forces us to ask, What basic changes are now appropriate for this organization in the way it defines its business? Its technology? Its markets?
If these questions are faced up to ,then the unexpected success is likely to open up the most rewarding and least risky of all innovative opportunities

26. The unexpected failure
If something fails despite being carefully planed, designed and conscientiously executed ,that failure often bespeaks underlying change, and with it, opportunity
The assumptions on which a product or service, its design or its marketing strategy, were based may no longer fit reality. Any change like this is an opportunity for innovation

27. The unexpected failure
The unexpected failure demands that you go out look around and listen.
It is equally important to watch out for unexpected event in the supplier’s business, and among the customers
Failure should always be considered a symptom of an innovative opportunity, and taken seriously as such

28. The unexpected outside event
The unexpected outside event are often more important
It is a condition of success in exploiting the unexpected event that it must fit the knowledge and expertise of one’s own business
But exploiting the unexpected outside event appears to be something that particularly fit the existing enterprise ,and a fairly sizable one at that

29. 4:Sources:Incongruities
Incongruous economic realities
The incongruity between reality and the assumptions about it
The incongruity between reality and the assumptions about perceived and actual customer values and expectations
Incongruity within the rhythm or logic of a process

30. 5:Sources:Process Need
Need is a major innovative opportunity
Process need exists within the process of a business, an industry ,or a service
It perfects a process that already exists, replaces a link that is weak, redesigns an existing old process around newly available knowledge.
Incongruities and demographics may be the most common causes of a process need

31. Five Basic Innovation Criteria of Process Need
A self-contained process
One “week” or ”missing” link
A clear definition of objective
That the specification for the solution can be defined clearly
Widespread realization that “there ought to be abetter way.” that is, high receptivity

32. Three important caveats
The need must be understood
We may even understood a process and still not have the knowledge to do the job
The solution must fit the way people do the work and want to do it

33. 6:Sources:Industry and Market Structures
The automobile story
The opportunity
When industry structure changes

34. 6:Sources:Industry and Market Structures
Industry and market structure sometimes last for many ,many years and seem completely stable
Actually ,market and industry structure are quite brittle. One small scratch and they disintegrate, often fast
When this happens, every member of the industry has to act
To continue to do business as before is almost a guarantee of disaster
A CHANGE IN MARKET OR INDUSTRY STRUCTURE IS ALSO A MAJOR OPPORTUNITY FOR INNOVATION

35. The opportunity
A change in industry structure offers exceptional opportunities, highly visible and quite predictable to outsiders
But the insiders perceive these same changes primarily as threats
The outsiders can thus become a major factor in an important industry or area fast ,and at relatively low risk

36. When industry structure changes:4 indicators
The most reliable and the most easily spotted of these indicator is rapid growth of an industry
By the time an industry growing rapidly have doubled in volume, the way it perceives and services its market is likely to have become inappropriate

37. When industry structure changes:4 indicators
Another development that will predictably lead to sudden changes in industry structure is the convergence of technologies that hitherto were seen as distinctly separate
An industry is ripe for basic structure change if the way in which it does business is changing rapidly

38. Industry and Market Structures
Innovations that exploit changes in industry structure are particularly effective if the industry and its markets are dominated by one very large manufacture or supplier or by a few
Again and again, when market or industry structure changes, the producers or suppliers who are today’s leaders will be found neglecting the fastest-growing market segments
The new growth opportunities rarely fit the way the industry has “always” approached the market, been organized for it, and defines it
The innovator in this area therefore has a good chance of being left alone