1. Deviance and Social Control

2. Norms
Norms are an important part of culture. They help us decide what behaviors are proper and improper in various settings. You may be following them without even realizing it. home-depot/

3. Internalization
The process by which a norm becomes part of an individual's personality
Thus conforming to society’s expectations
Expected behavior at a movie???
Sit in chair
Ringer turned off
No talking

4. Deviance
Deviance- refers to behavior that departs from societal or group norms.
Example
Who do you think decides who and what is deviant?
What is defined as deviant is agreed upon by consensus.
The reaction the comes from the deviant act is key.

5. What is Deviance?
Specific form of deviance:
Criminal behavior- recognized by almost all members of society as deviant.
Crime – the violation of rules that have been written into law.
Wearing heavy make-up- considered deviant
by some religious groups.
Eating a snickers with your fork?
endscreen
Deviance is not always clear cut such as robbery or assault. “what is deviant” varies from society to society and group to group. Often difficult to agree if in society such as the U.S.

6. Positive & Negative
Negative deviance: involves behavior that fails to meet accepted norms.
Either reject, misinterpret, or are unaware of the norms.
Positive deviance: involves behavior that overconforms to social expectations.
Example: Rosa Parks

7. Social Control
Social Control: ways to promote conformity to society’s norms.
Society would be uncontrollable and unpredictable without social control.
Ex. Stopping at red lights and receiving the correct amount of change.

8. 2 types Social Control Developed during the socialization process.
Internal: lies within the individual
Developed during the socialization process.
You do something because you know it’s the right thing to do or don’t do something because it is the wrong thing to do.
Ex: Stealing
External: is based on social sanctions- rewards or punishments that encourage conformity to social norms.
Positive : awards or promotions
Negative: criticism, fines, or imprisonment.
Sanctions can also be formal or informal.

9. Review of Sanctions Positive sanctions Negative sanctions
Positive sanction: An action that rewards a particular kind of behavior
Examples include: a teacher giving good grades, cheers from teammates
Negative sanctions
Negative sanction: A punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity.
Examples include: a parking ticket, ridicule
Formal sanctions
Formal sanction: A reward or punishment given by a formal organization or regulatory agency
Examples include: schools giving high or low grades, a business giving a raise or firing a worker
Informal sanctions
Informal sanction: A spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or group
Examples include: standing ovations, gossip

10. Current Research in Sociology
Death Penalty: The Ultimate Sanction
This sanction has been used since ancient times to punish murderers and other criminals. Its morality is debated today. Many nations have banned the death penalty, though the United States still allows it.
Opposition to the death penalty arose during the Enlightenment, which resulted in limiting its use.
Venezuela became the first country to ban the practice.
By 2007, two-thirds of nations had banned the practice.
Critics claim the practice is immoral and ineffective, and cannot be administered fairly.
Support for the death penalty remains strong. –

11. Breaking social control

12. CRIME…. Every 23.1 seconds: One Violent Crime
Every 32.6 minutes: One Murder Every 5.6 minutes: One Forcible Rape Every 1.3 minutes: One Robbery Every 36.9 seconds: One Aggravated Assault
Every 3.1 seconds: One Property Crime
Every 14.7 seconds: One Burglary Every 4.5 seconds: One Larceny-theft Every 25.5 seconds: One Motor Vehicle Theft
The Crime Clock should be viewed with care. The most aggregate representation of UCR data, it conveys the annual reported crime experience by showing a relative frequency of occurrence of Part I offenses. It should not be taken to imply a regularity in the commission of crime. The Crime Clock represents the annual ratio of crime to fixed time intervals.

13. 2009
The Crime Clock should be viewed with care. The most aggregate representation of UCR data, it conveys the annual reported crime experience by showing a relative frequency of occurrence of Part I offenses. It should not be taken to imply a regularity in the commission of crime. The Crime Clock represents the annual ratio of crime to fixed time intervals.
Crime in the United States, 2009
U.S. Department of Justice — Federal Bureau of Investigation
September 2010

14. Points of Emphasis Who commits crimes?
Sex: Men are much more likely than women to be arrested.
Race: More than 2/3 of all people arrested are white. However, African Americans, who make up about 12 % of the population, account for nearly 30% of the arrests.
Age: Almost ½ of all arrests involve people under the age of 25. People younger than 35 account for nearly ¾ of all arrests.
Who keeps track of all these crime statistics?
The FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigations) publishes the UCR (Uniform Crime Reports) annually.
Are these statistics 100% accurate?
NO.
Crimes not reported, victims may not come forward or want to file a report, officers reports not filed, officers have various reasons why/why not to submit a report.
*Serious Crimes in America/Types of Crime worksheet

15. Functionalism and Deviance Section 2

16. What are costs and benefits of deviance?
Functionalist perspective
Different parts of society contribute to a stable whole
Functionalists believe some deviance can contribute to the smooth operation of society
Deviance has both + and – effects for society

17. Costs & Benefits of Deviance
Clarifies what norms are expected
e.g. parents taken to court for neglect shows norm to care of children is important
Safety valve—way for teenagers to be different
Brings about social change
e.g. MLK, Jr & Civil Rights Movement
Costs
Deviance erodes trust and a society filled with suspicion cannot function smoothly
Deviance can cause deviance in others
Deviance is expensive— cost resources & time
US $1.7 trillion

18. How do we explain deviance (Functionalists)
Strain Theory: Robert K. Merton
Anomie is a social condition in which norms are weak, conflicting, or absent.
Strain theory is most likely to occur when there is a gap between culturally desirable goals, such as money and prestige, and a legitimate way of obtaining them.
Conformity is when people accept the goal and the means to achieve it.

19. How do people respond to strain?
Conformity- NON DEVIANT RESPONSE
Innovation- Accept cultural goals, uses illegal means to achieve them
Ex. Drug Dealing
Ritualism- Rejects goal, but continues anyway
Ex. Teacher who does not care about students
Retreatism- Legitimate means and approved goals rejected
Ex. Skid Row alcoholics, homeless
Rebellion- Reject success and approved means to achieve it
Ex. Militia Groups

20. Merton’s Strain Theory
Culturally Approved Goal: Success
Socially Accepted Way to Succeed: Hard Work
Conformity Response
Deviant Responses
Examples
Accepts goal of success (Conform) x
Accepts goal of success (Innovation)
Rejects goal of success (Ritualism)
Rejects goal of success (Retreatism)
Rejects goal of success (Rebellion)

21. Merton’s Strain Theory
Culturally Approved Goal: Success
Socially Accepted Way to Succeed: Hard Work
Conformity Response
Deviant Responses
Examples
Accepts goal of success (Conform)
Accepts hard work as the appropriate way to succeed
Conformity- works hard to succeed
Business executive, working hard at a low paying job
Accepts goal of success (Innovation)
Rejects hard work as the appropriate way to succeed
Innovation- finds illegal ways to succeed
Criminals, drug dealers
Rejects goal of success (Ritualism)
Ritualism- acts as if he wants to succeed but does not exert much effort
Lacking American Education system……..
Unmotivated teacher, unmotivated student
Rejects goal of success (Retreatism)
Retreatism- drops out of the rate for success
Alcoholics, drug addicts, bag ladies
Rejects goal of success (Rebellion)
Rebellion- substitutes new way to achieve goal, new set of goals and means
Militia group members that may live in isolation as they pursue the goal of changing society through deviant means

22. How do we explain deviance (Functionalists)
Travis Hirchi’s Theory
From Strain Theory
Control Theory that compliance with social norms requires strong bonds between individuals and society.
Special Bonds control behavior
People want to conform
Fit in

23. Social Bond Theory Four basic elements of social bonds
Attachment-The stronger the belief, less likely you are to break norms.
Commitment- Belief that what you are buying into is true, then less likely you are to break norms.
Involvement-Building relationships and commitments builds attachment to norms.
Belief- Will not deviate if you believe it to be true.

24. Theories on Deviance How is deviance learned? (Interactionists)
Differential association theory
People learn deviance according to the number of deviant acts they are exposed to
Social Settings

25. Differential Association Theory
Three characteristics:
1) the ratio of deviant to non-deviant individuals
2) Whether the deviant behavior is practice by significant others
3) The age of exposure

26. Theories on Deviance
Labeling Theory- that society creates deviants by identifying particular members as deviant. What are some you can name??

27. How is deviance learned?
Did these children learn this behavior from their parents, peers, social setting or all of the above?
A person who knows mostly deviants is more likely to learn deviant behavior
(PEER PRESSURE)
Younger children learn deviant behavior more quickly than older children

28. Are the degrees of deviance?
Primary Deviance
A person who engages in only isolates acts of deviance
Secondary Deviance
Deviance in which a person's life and identity are organized around breaking society's norms

29. What are the consequences of labeling?
Pain and suffering can occur
Stigma’s can develop
An undesirable train or label that is used to characterize an individual
Ex Convicts

30. Conflict Perspective
Competition and social inequality lead to deviance
Ruling class deems anything that threatens power to be deviant.
Keep power establish ideologies for others to follow.
EX. Slavery, Harsher punishment for Crack than Cocaine

31. Statistics support that African Americans and Latinos are dealt with more harshly than whites. WHY???

32. African Americans and Latinos are dealt with more harshly than whites.
No economic Resources to provide for legal representation.
Crimes against whites tend to be punished more severely
Victim Discounting

33. White Collar Crime
But an estimated 100 Billion a year is lost in our economy to White Color Crime White Collar Crime-job related crimes committed by high status people Fun with Dick and Jane White Collar Crime

34. Review 7.3 and 7.4 Get into groups of 3-4 and as a group respond to the following questions.
How is deviance learned?
Is deviance defined by the act or the individual?
Are there degrees of deviance?
What are the consequences of labeling?
What is the relationship between race, ethnicity, and crime?
Why are minorities treated so differently?
What are the costs of white collar crime? What kinds of punishment to the majority of white collar criminals receive?

35. Review 7.3 and 7.4 How is deviance learned?
Most all deviance is learned by socialization, according to Differential association theory, the frequency and closeness the individual has to deviance the more likely they are to be deviant.
Is deviance defined by the act or the individual?
It can be defined by both. An act of deviance can define a individual for life. An individual can be make their lifestyle deviant. (Secondary Deviance)
Are there degrees of deviance?
Yes, Secondary and Primary.

36. 4. What are the consequences of labeling?
Once someone is labeled as deviant, people judge his/her actions in light of that label. Restricts Behavior.
5. What is the relationship between race, ethnicity, and crime?
Certain Races, ethnicities are viewed deviant, even though there is no causal link between the two.
6. Why are minorities treated so differently?
Racial Profiling, practice of assuming that nonwhite Americans are more likely to commit crimes
Police- Police Discretion
Court System-No economic Resources to provide for legal representation.

37. 7. What are the costs of white collar crime
7. What are the costs of white collar crime? What kinds of punishment to the majority of white collar criminals receive?
400 Billion a year!!!! Additionally, erode trust on society. Usually light because of the perception of the crime.
Even though this abuse can have greater consequences on society

38. 7.5 Crime and Punishment

39. Measuring Crime Crime- acts in violation of the laws
Crime increased sharply between the 1960s and the 1990s
Violent crime rates are considerably higher in the U.S. than in most other industrialized countries
The major source of crime statistics is the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reports, gathered from police departments across the country

41. UCR Statistics Nine types of crimes Murder Rape Robbery
Aggravated assault
Burglary
Larceny-theft
Motor vehicle theft
Arson
Hate crimes

43. Crimes in the U.S. 1990-1999 Type of Crime Number of Crimes
Crime Rate per 100,000 residents
Percent Change in Crime Rate
Percent Change in the Number of Crimes
Violent Crime
1,430,690
524.7
-28.3
-21.4
Murder
15,530
5.7
-39.4
-33.7
Forcible Rape
89,110
32.7
-20.6
-13.1
Robbery
409,670
150.2
-41.6
-35.9
Aggravated Assault
916,380
336.1
-20.7
Property Crime
10,284,500
3,742.1
-26.5
-19.4
Burglary
2,099,700
770.0
-37.7
-31.7
Larceny-Theft
6,957,400
2,551.4
-20.1
-12.4
Motor Vehicle Theft
1,147,300
420.7
-36.0
-29.9

44. A deeper look….
Because murder rate receives the most publicity, it can be used to highlight the general, across the board reduction in crime
One major reason for the downward crime trend is a recent reduction in juvenile crime

45. Reliability of UCR Statistics
Provide considerable information
Major strength:
experienced police officers can decide if the incident should be reported as a crime
Limitations
Tends to over represent the lower classes and undercount the middle and upper classes
Some crimes (amateur thefts, minor assaults) are not as likely to be reported as murder and auto theft
About 2/3 of crimes are not reported at all
White collar offenders are seldom included

46. Juvenile Crime Legal violations among those under 18 years of age
Includes deviance only the young can commit
Failing to attend school, underage drinking and smoking

47. Trends in Juvenile Crime
Juvenile Crime on a downward decline…..
Arrest rate dropped by 68%
Arrests for weapons violations dropped 33%
Rape arrest rate dropped 31%
Reasons:
Decline in the demand for drugs
Remaining crack gangs that provided guns have reached truces
Repeat juvenile offenders have been given stiffer sentences
Police are cracking down on illegal guns in the street

48. Approaches to Crime Control
Criminal Justice System- system comprising institutions and processes responsible for enforcing criminal statuses
Includes police, courts, and the correctional system
4 Different approaches
Deterrence
Retribution
Incarceration
Rehabilitation

49. 1) Deterrence Discouraging criminal acts by threatening punishment
Punishing convicted criminals will serve as an example to keep other people from committing crimes
Considerable debate over its effectiveness
Can work if potential lawbreakers know:
1) they are likely to get caught
2) punishment will be severe
In the U.S., punishment is not usually certain or severe, so deterrence does not have the effect that it could have
Special Case: Death penalty
Murder is extremely emotional and irrational, so capital punishment is not a deterrent

50. Do Americans believe that capital punishment deters criminals?
75% believe the death penalty can act as a deterrent to murder
Of those who favor the death penalty, over 75% indicate they would continue to favor it even if confronted with evidence that it did not act as a deterrent and therefore did not lower the murder rate
Revenge and a desire for retribution seem to contribute more to the support of capital punishment
2001: 66% of Americans support the death penalty (Gallup Poll)

51. Why does the attitude toward the death penalty vary?
Race and ethnicity
Over ¾ of whites
40% of African Americans
52% of Latinos
Due in part to the fact that they are more likely to receive the death penalty
African Americans comprise 13% of the population but make up 43% of death row inmates
Racial minorities make up half of all inmates in U.S. prisons.

52. 2) Retribution
Punishment intended to make criminals pay compensation for their acts
“eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth”
Designated officials exact retribution
Does not take personal vengeance into account, where people “take the law into their own
hands”.
The mother who shoots
her son’s killer must also
answer to society for her
action

53. 3) Incarceration
A method of protecting society from criminals by keeping them in prisons
U.S. has taken a tougher stance with the three strikes law- prison population greatly increased since 1990
Prison camps in other countries

54. 4) Rehabilitation
Process of changing or reforming a criminal through socialization
Most prisons have programs aimed at giving prisoners both social and work skills
30-60% of those released from penal institutions are sent back to prison in 2-5 years
Recidivism- a repetition of or return of criminal behavior
Reasons:
Basic nature of the offenders
Influences of more hardened
criminals
The stigma of being an ex-convict

55. Current Research in Sociology
Death Penalty: The Ultimate Sanction
This sanction has been used since ancient times to punish murderers and other criminals. Its morality is debated today. Many nations have banned the death penalty, though the United States still allows it.
Opposition to the death penalty arose during the Enlightenment, which resulted in limiting its use.
Venezuela became the first country to ban the practice.
By 2007, two-thirds of nations had banned the practice.
Critics claim the practice is immoral and ineffective, and cannot be administered fairly.
Support for the death penalty remains strong. –