1. Religion & Reform movements

2. 2nd Great Awakening
Leaders: Charles Finney Purpose: revive the role of religion in America Effectiveness: increased church membership, new religious sects inspire social reform Additional Info: Transcendentalists – people who could transcend their senses. They listen to nature to learn about the universe. Ralph Waldo Emerson

3. Education Reform
Leaders: Horace Mann Purpose: all children should be required to attend free schools supported by taxpayers & staffed by trained teachers Effectiveness: established education as a right for all kids (although not in constitution) and as a state issue, not federal. Improved quality of teachers & schools

4. Prison Reform
Leaders: Dorthea Dix Purpose: get help for mentally ill prisoners. Not all prisoners are criminals, some are mentally ill Effectiveness: 2 new penitentiaries were created & established mental institutions & insane asylums

5. The Temperance Movement
Leaders: Neal Dow Purpose: people should drink less alcohol & alcohol should be outlawed altogether. Health problems and some issues in society are linked to alcohol abuse Effectiveness: women played an important role which laid the foundation for the women’s movement

6. Abolition Movement
Leaders: William Lloyd Garrison, Fredrick Douglas, Grimke sisters Purpose: slavery should be abolished & it should not be allowed in new states Effectiveness: made slavery an important issue in politics (elections, etc.) Nat Turner: led a successful slave revolt in Virginia. He was captured and killed. Slave owners decided slaves can’t learn how to read. The Liberator: abolitionist newspaper . Used moral persuasion to appeal to readers emotions

7. Women’s Movement
Leaders: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Sojourner Truth, Grimke sisters, Margaret Fuller, Susan B. Anthony Purpose: increase women’s suffrage & involvement in politics Effectiveness: inspired future women’s rights activists. Property rights for women were passed and women became wage earners & reformers Seneca Falls Conference: 1st women’s rights conference in N.Y. Declaration of Sentiments: modeled after Declaration of Independence. Written at Seneca Falls, states what rights women should have