1. Elements of Electromagnetic Theory for GPR Applications
José M. Carcione
OGS, Trieste, Italy
and
Marco A. B. Botelho
UFBA, Salvador, Brasil

2. The Hanai-Bruggeman model.
Water is the starting host material (2) into which infinitesimal amounts of grains are gradually included. The model agrees with Archie's law, i.e., it preserves the continuity of the water phase. W=1/3 for spherical grains.
Lichtenecker-Rother (LR) equation
c=2 (CRIM)

3. Experimental data.

4. The Hanai-Bruggeman model.

5. Perpendicular broadside
AVO theory
Parallel endfire
Perpendicular broadside

6. AVO theory

7. AVO theory

8. AVO theory. TM Brewster angle
Model 1:
Air
fresh water
Model 2:
Air
seawater

9. AVO. Brewster and critical angles
Model 5:
fresh water
seawater/DNAPL
NAPL-2:
bio-degraded
(higher conductivity)
TM case

10. AVO inversion. Brewster and critical angles
TM case:
Fresh Water
Seawater (50 %)/DNAPL (%)
f-k inversion

11. The exploding reflector experiment

12. The exploding-reflector experiment

13. Plane-wave and exploding reflectorPW ER

14. Fine layering. Backus averaging

15. EM theory in anisotropic media

16. EM theory. Anisotropy
Complex slowness

17. Conclusions
Permittivity and conductivity (Hanai-Bruggeman, CRIM, etc.).
Reflection and refraction coefficients (AVO, Brewster, critical angles).
3. Full-wave synthetic radargrams (single emission, plane wave, exploding reflector, etc.).
4. Anisotropic media (fine layering, fractures, cracks, etc.)

18. Notes