1. Blood: Structure and function
M. Rich, RN, BSN

2. Standard
Standard 18, Outline the in-depth normal structure and function of blood and related components. Summarize appropriate medical texts in order to list signs and symptoms of common blood diseases and disorders associated with each. Define the following common laboratory procedure, both normal and abnormal, and provide the reasoning for why the test should be obtained:
complete blood count
Complete metabolic panel
Fasting lipid panel
Hgb A1C

3. At the conclusion of class today I CAN:
Compare and contrast the various blood components by being engaged in lecture and participating in class discussion
Describe the components of blood by creating a model of blood components

4. Blood Facts
The average adult has about FIVE liters of blood inside of their body, which makes up 7-8% of their body weight.
Blood is living tissue that carries oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body, and carries carbon dioxide and other waste products back to the lungs, kidneys and liver for disposal. It also fights against infection and helps heal wounds, so we can stay healthy.
There are about one billion red blood cells in two to three drops of blood. For every 600 red blood cells, there are about 40 platelets and one white cell.

5. Hematologist
A medical doctor who applies this specialized knowledge to treat patients with blood conditions.

6. What makes up our blood?
RED BLOOD CELLS (Erythrocytes) – The most abundant cells in our blood; they are produced in the bone marrow and contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to our cells.
WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes) – They are part of the immune system and destroy infectious agents called pathogens.
PLASMA – This is the yellowish liquid portion of blood that contains electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones, clotting factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight infection.
PLATELETS (Thrombocytes) – The clotting factors that are carried in the plasma; they clot together in a process called coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood.

7. Blood Video

9. Blood Cells Erythrocytes (RBC) Leukocytes (WBC)
Thrombocytes (platelets)
Make up 45% of total volume of blood
Hematopoiesis: Process of blood formation, occurs in bone marrow

10. Erythrocytes What is the other name for Erythrocytes?
Live about 120 days
Make up 99% of blood cells
Are formed in bone marrow
Carry oxygen and nutrients to tissues
Carry carbon dioxide and waste away from tissues

11. Iron is an essential element for blood production.
About 70 percent of your body's iron is found in the red blood cells of your blood called hemoglobin and in muscle cells called myoglobin.
Hemoglobin is essential for transferring oxygen in your blood from the lungs to the tissues.

12. Think-Pair-Share
What protein is contained in RBCs that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide?
What is another important role of this protein?
What happens when there is not enough of this protein?
What mineral is lacking?
What is the shape of erythrocytes?
Why is the shape important?

13. RBC Protein: Hemoglobin
Iron: About 70 percent of your body's iron is found in the red blood cells
Shape of Red Blood Cells Erythrocytes are biconcave discs with very shallow centers. This shape optimizes the ratio of surface area to volume, facilitating gas exchange. It also enables them to fold up as they move through narrow blood vessels

14. Leukocytes - WBC What is another name for leukocytes?
Five different types
Formed in bone marrow
Help to fight off infection
Phagocytosis: engulf and destroy microorganisms and cellular debris
Classified as: Granulocytes and agranulocytes

15. Granulocyte vs Agranulocyte?
Agranulocytes: one-lobed nucleus. They are characterized by the absence of granules in their cytoplasm.
Granulocytes: have granules in their cytoplasm (jelly-like fluid that fills a cell)

16. Neutrophils Granulocyte 40–60% of WBC; most numerous Phagocytosis
Mainly bacteria
Many-lobed nucleus
Increase numbers in bacterial infections

17. Eosinophils Granulocyte 0–4% of WBC Assist inflammatory response
Increase numbers in allergic reactions, skin infections, and parasitic infections
Phagocytosis

18. Basophils Granulocyte 0–1% of WBC; least common
Assist in inflammatory response by releasing substances such as histamine and heparin
Phagocytosis

19. Lymphocytes Agranulocyte 20–40% of WBC Produce antibodies
Increase numbers in viral infections
B cells: Produce antibiodies
T cells: aid the immune system
What organ produces these?

20. Monocytes Agranulocyte 3–8% of WBC Phagocytosis Largest in size
Effective against chronic infection
Leaves bloodstream and travels to tissues

21. Apply what you have learned…
Which type of WBC would you expect to find in large numbers in a patient with bacterial meningitis?
Which type of WBC would you expect to find in large numbers in a patient with the flu?
Which type of WBC would you expect to find in large numbers in a patient with hay fever?

22. Platelets Small, irregular-shaped cell fragments Life span 5–12 days
Necessary for blood-clotting process

23. Plasma Yellowish liquid portion of blood
92% water, constitutes 55 percent of blood volume.
Supplies critical proteins for blood clotting (fibrinogen) and immunity

25. Make Blood Water with yellow food coloring (plasma) Cheerios (RBC)
Marshmallows (WBC)
Platelets (stars)
Clotting Factors (sprinkles)

26. Day 2

27. Bell Work 3-13
What mineral is lacking if you have a low erythrocyte (RBC) count?
What is a type of WBC that produces antibodies and increases in viral infections.
What type of WBC leaves bloodstream and travels to tissues?
Which type of WBC would be high due to a bacterial infection?
What are the main components of blood?

28. Bell Work Answers IRON Lymphocytes Monocytes Neutrophils
RBC (erythrocytes), WBC (leukocytes), Plasma and Platelets

29. Hematology and Coagulation
Hematology—is the study of blood in health and disease.
includes problems with the RBCs, WBCs, platelets, blood vessels, bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen.
Proteins involved in bleeding and clotting (hemostasis and thrombosis).

30. What is Hemostasis
Hemostasis is the process which stops bleeding after an injury.
Creates a clot.
Opposite of hemorrhage

31. Hemostasis Primary: Platelet plug formed
Secondary: platelet plug is reinforced by fibrin. Coagulation factors convert fibrinogen to fibrin
Process is called the Coagulation Cascade

32. Coagulation Coagulation the process by which a blood clot is formed
involves the interaction of numerous blood components called coagulation factors.
Secondary phase of hemostasis

33. Thrombosis
Thrombosis occurs when blood clots block your blood vessels. There are 2 main types of thrombosis:
Venous thrombosis is when the blood clot blocks a vein. Veins carry blood from the body back into the heart.
Arterial thrombosis is when the blood clot blocks an artery. Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the body.

34. What causes Thrombosis
Disease or injury to the leg veins
Not being able to move around (immobility) for any reason
A broken bone (fracture)
Certain medicines
Obesity
Inherited disorders
Autoimmune disorders
Medicines that increase your risk of clotting

35. Blood
Transports nutrients, gases, medications, wastes, and other substances throughout the body
Average adult has 5–6 liters of blood
Females have less blood than males
Blood samples classified 3 ways:
Whole blood
Plasma
Serum

36. Whole Blood Mixture of blood cells and plasma
When obtaining a sample there must be an anticoagulant present to prevent the blood from clotting

37. Centrifuge
Centrifugation is a technique used for the separation of particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, viscosity of the medium and rotor speed.
The particles are suspended in a liquid medium and placed in a centrifuge tube.

38. Centrifuge Machine

39. Giving Blood Take 15 minutes to do an Internet Search
What is whole blood donation? 
What is whole blood used for?
How long does donating take? 
What are the requirements for donating WB?
How often can I donate? 

40. Answers 1. 1 pint of blood/ most common
2. Blood Transfusions/separated by blood type and sometimes components like plasma
3. 7 minutes for procedure. About an hour to answer extensive health questions.
4. Age, no tattoos/piercings in 6-12 mos, no pregnant, no blood thinner, sexual history, travel limitations
5. Donate q56 days

41. Blood Donation and Centrifuge

42. Work it Out
Finish/Turn in Blood Lab- Page 766 in new Red book can help with diagnosis
Notebook Review Questions (old Red Book) Page 714, number 3 -5