1. BLOOD Functions: Transport of nutrients, gases, and wastes
Heating and cooling

2. Connective Tissue
Cells suspended in a matrix

3. Components of Blood Formed Elements Plasma
Erythrocytes – red blood cells (RBCs)
Leukocytes – white blood cells (WBCs)
Thrombocytes – Platelets
Plasma
Water
Proteins
Nutrients, electrolytes, gases, waste

4. Centrifuge
Uses centrifugal force to force heavier particles to the bottom
Separates the components of blood.

5. Centrifuged Sample Plasma Buffy Coat Erythrocytes
Water, proteins, other solutes
Buffy Coat
Platelets and leukocytes
Erythrocytes

6. Volume and Composition
Average human has 5.3 quarts (5 liters)
45% cells
called the hematocrit (HCT) level
55% liquid

7. Erythrocytes (RBCs) Biconcave discs Contains hemoglobin No nuclei
Allows membrane to be close to hemoglobin
Allows movement through small vessels
Contains hemoglobin
Protein which binds to oxygen
What gives RBCs the red color
No nuclei
Cannot produce proteins or divide

8. Leukocytes (WBCs) Provide immune response Granular or agranular
Granulocytes: contain tiny granules in their cytoplasm
Agranulocytes: no granules

9. Leukocytes – Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Fine, light purple granules
Nucleus has 2-5 lobes
54-62% of leukocytes
Eosinophils
Course, deep red granules
Bilobed nucleus
1-3% of leukocytes
Basophils
Irregular, deep blue granules
<1% of leukocytes

10. Leukocytes – Agranulocytes
Monocytes
Largest blood cells
Nuclei vary (round, kidney-shaped, oval, lobed)
3-9% of leukocytes
Lymphocytes
Large, round nucleus
25-33% of leukocytes

11. Thrombocytes (platelets)
Cell fragments
Capable of amoeboid movement
Seal breaks in damaged vessels and initiate blood clotting

12. Plasma Clear, straw-colored fluid
Matrix in which cells/platelets are suspended

13. Components of Plasma Proteins Gases: O2, CO2, N
Albumins: control osmotic pressure
Globulins: transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins
Fibrinogen: contribute to blood coagulation
Gases: O2, CO2, N
Nutrients: Amino acids, sugars, nucleotides, lipids
Electrolytes: Ions (Na, K, etc)

14. Build a Model! Be creative! Be complete! Your model must include:
Put your blood on a giant band-aid, in a tube, dripping from two small holes, etc.
Be complete! Your model must include:
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes (all 5 types)
Thrombocytes
Plasma
Proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, gases, waste
Be proportional!
If something is smaller, make it smaller.
If there are lots or not many, your model should reflect this.

15. Hemostasis Stoppage of bleeding Can occur by: Cuts Bruises
Damage to vessels
Can occur by:
Blood vessel spasm
Platelet Plug formation
Coagulation

16. Blood Vessel Spasm Vessels shrink or close off
Vasospasm: vessel is sealed off completely

17. Platelet Plug Formation
Platelets stick to rough surfaces, including collagen and other platelets
1. Vessel breaks and leaks blood
2. Platelets begin sticking to each other and to the collagen lining the vessel
3. A plug builds up and blocks the break in the vessel

18. Coagulation Formation of a blood clot
Most effective means of controlling blood loss
Clotting factors: biochemicals that affect blood clotting
Coagulant: causes coagulation
Anticoagulant: prevents coagulation

19. Abnormal Coagulation Thrombus Embolus Abnormally formed blood clot
Dislodged blood clot traveling through the circulatory system

20. Proteins Involved in Coagulation
Prothrombin
Globulin (plasma protein)
When activated, it is converted to thrombin
Thrombin
Converts fibrinogen to fibrin

21. Proteins Involved in Coagulation
Fibrinogen
Soluble plasma protein
When activated, it is converted to fibrin
Fibrin
Insoluble threads of protein used to stabilize blood clots
Stick together and form a mesh to catch blood cells

22. Prothrombin - Thrombin - Fibrinogen - Fibrin
Prothrombin is converted to thrombin
Thrombin reacts with fibrinogen
Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin

23. Serum Clear yellow liquid surrounding a clot
Plasma without clotting factors

24. Homeostasis Blood clotting is a POSITIVE feedback loop
Initiation of clotting causes more clotting

25. ABO Blood Groups and Rh Factors
Blood Typing
ABO Blood Groups and
Rh Factors

26. “Matching” for Transfusions
Surface antigens: proteins found on the surface erythrocytes
Markers that create an “ID badge” for cells
Genetically inherited
Antibodies: proteins found in blood plasma
React with surface antigens of cells that are recognized as foreign

27. Agglutination: clumping of erythrocytes
Occurs when antibodies detect surface antigens of a different ABO or Rh group

28. ABO Blood Groups
Based on the presence/absence of 2 surface antigens (proteins)
Antigen A
Antigen B
4 Combinations:
antigen A only (type A blood)
antigen B only (type B blood)
antigen A and antigen B (type AB blood)
neither antigen A nor antigen B (type 0 blood)

29. ABO Blood Groups
You automatically produce antibodies depending on what surface antigens your cells do not have
If antigen A is absent, anti-A is produced
If antigen B is absent, anti-B is produced

30. Blood Transfusions
Antibodies react with their respective surface antigens, causing agglutination
Type AB contains both antigens and produces neither antibodies
Can receive any blood type
Universal recipient
Type O contains neither antigens and produces both antibodies
Can be donated to any blood type
Universal donor

31. Complete the following table:
Blood Type
Surface Antigen Present
Antibody Produced
Possible Blood Type Donors A
antigen A
anti-B
A, O B AB O

32. Rh Factors Based on the presence/absence of Rh surface antigens
Rh antigen present: Rh-positive
Rh antigen absent: Rh-negative

33. Rh Antibodies
Anti-Rh is not automatically produced when Rh surface antigens are absent (unlike ABO antibodies)
Produced in Rh-neg blood, in response to the introduction of Rh-pos blood

34. When Rh Causes Agglutination
Rh-neg person receives Rh-pos blood
No reaction takes place
Following donation, anti-Rh is produced
Same Rh-neg person recieves Rh-pos blood again
Agglutination occurs

35. Erythroblastosis Rh-pos man impregnates Rh-neg woman
Rh-neg woman is carrying Rh-pos fetus
Blood from Rh-pos fetus enters blood stream of Rh-neg woman
Rh-neg woman developes anti-Rh
Same Rh-neg woman becomes pregnant with another Rh-pos fetus
Anti-Rh attacks Rh-pos fetal blood cells

36. In the U. S. , what blood type do you think is the most common
In the U.S., what blood type do you think is the most common? Least common?
List the blood types in order from most to least common. Here are your options: A+ A- B+ B-
AB+
AB- O+ O-

37. Most Common Blood Types In the U.S.AB 3%
Rh Group is not correlated to ABO group
Only 15% of the population is Rh-neg
Most Common: O+
Least Common: AB- B 9% O
47% A
41%