1. The Animal Kingdom
Of all the kingdoms of organisms, the animal kingdom is the most diverse in appearance.
So….
What Is an Animal?

2. Animals are Multicellular.
Animals are Eukaryotic heterotrophs.
Animal cells lack cell walls.
Animals belong to the kingdom Animalia.
Animals must ingest food.
Animals are capable of moving around.

3. Animals carry out the following essential functions…
Feeding and digestion (takes place in cells and in a digestive tract)
Respiration (gills, lungs, skin)
Circulation (open and closed systems)
Excretion
Response to outside stimuli
Movement
Reproduction

4. There are 9 animal phyla.
Invertebrates are animals without backbones. 8 of the animal phyla consist of invertebrates.
Vertebrates are animals with backbones. Only 1 animal phylum consists of vertebrates.

5. 1. PORIFERA:
SIMPLEST ANIMALS
NO TISSUE LAYERS
EXAMPLES: SPONGES

7. 2. CNIDARIA HOLLOW BODY HAVE STINGING CELLS
TWO BODY FORMS MEDUSA & POLYP
EXAMPLES: CORAL, JELLYFISH, SEA ANEMONE

9. 3. PLATYHELMINTHES: UNSEGMENTED WORMS FLAT WORMS
EXAMPLES: PLANARIA, FLUKE, TAPEWORM
UNSEGMENTED WORMS
FLAT WORMS

12. 4. NEMATODA UNSEGMENTED WORMS ROUND WORMS
EXAMPLES: HOOKWORMS, HEARTWORMS

13. 5. ANNELIDA SEGMENTED WORMS MOST ADVANCED WORMS
EXAMPLES: LEECH, EARTHWORMS

16. 6. ARTHROPODA
Invertebrate animals with exoskeletons made of chitin, a series of paired/jointed legs, and segmented body parts.
Examples:
Crustaceans (lobsters and crabs)
Insects
Arachnids

17. Characteristics of Arthropods
Open circulatory system: blood is pumped through a tubelike heart and into the body cavity (not contained in veins and arteries)
Molting: they shed old exoskeletons and grow new ones (see p. 732)
Insects undergo metamorphosis: incomplete or complete metamorphosis (see p. 744)

18. Incomplete Metamorphosis: process by which immature arthropods look similar to their adult form. Each time they molt, they become more and more like adults. In the last few stages of molting, they grow wings and sex organs.

19. Complete metamorphosis: process by which immature organisms change their body form before becoming an adult. Egg→ larvae → pupa →adult.

20. Arachnid

21. 7. MOLLUSCA EXAMPLES: SNAIL, SCALLOP, OCTOPUS, MUSSELS
Mollusks have a complete digestive tract (consists of two openings: mouth and anus).
They include gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods.
EXAMPLES: SNAIL, SCALLOP, OCTOPUS, MUSSELS

24. 8. ECHINODERMATA HAVE A DERMAL SKELETON WITH SPINES & PLATES
ONLY LIVE IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT
EXAMPLES: SEA URCHIN,
SEASTAR, BRITTLE STAR

26. 9. CHORDATA (vertebrates)
EXAMPLES: FISH, AMPHIBIANS , REPTILES, BIRDS, MAMMALS

27. Characteristics of Chordates (vertebrates)
Even though they are all very different, all chordates share the following 4 features at some stage of their development:
notochord: a flexible skeletal support rod embedded in the animal’s back
hollow nerve cord: runs along the animal’s back
3. pharyngeal slits: slits through the body wall in the pharynx (part of the gut immediately beyond the mouth). We have these as embryos.
4. tail: extends beyond the anal opening.

28. Other common characteristics…
Endoskeletons
Braincase
Vertebrae
Bones

29. All about fish…(p. 763-767) Vertebrates with gills and paired fins
Live in the water
Cold blooded
2 chamber hearts (1 atrium and 1 ventricle)
Breathe through gills

30. All about amphibians…(p. 773-777)
First tetrapods (animals with 4 limbs)
3 chambered hearts (2 atria and 1 ventricle)
Need a source of water to reproduce

31. All about reptiles…(p. 793-797)
Amniotic eggs: almost completely waterproof; prevent embryo from drying out
Covered in scales or plates
Live on land
Oviparous or viviparous
Cold blooded
3 chambered hearts (2 atria and 1 ventricle)
Breathe with lungs

33. All about birds…(p. 798-803) Evolved from dinosaurs
Hollow bones (helps them fly)
Amniotic eggs
Breathe through lungs (air sacs are also located throughout their bodies-these are attached to the lungs)
4 chambered hearts (2 atria and 2 ventricles)

35. All about mammals…(p. 805-809)
Hair or fur
Mammary glands
A middle ear containing 3 bones
Jaws that allow them to chew food
Warm blooded
Breathe through 2 lungs
4 chambered hearts (2 atria and 2 ventricles)

36. More about mammals… 3 types: monotremes: mammals that lay eggs
marsupials: mammals that give birth to immature, underdeveloped live young that grow to maturity in a marsupium, or pouch
eutherian mammals: give birth to live young that have completed fetal development