1. Chemicals Released by Damaged Cells
Histamine
Vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels
Kinins
Prostaglandins
Intensity histamine and kinin effect
Leukotrienes
Increased permeability of blood vessels, phagocytic attachment

2. Inflammation
Figure 16.8a–b

3. Inflammation
Figure 16.8c–d

4. Fever: Abnormally High Body Temperature
Hypothalamus normally set at 37°C.
Gram-negative endotoxin cause phagocytes to release interleukin–1 (IL–1).
Hypothalamus releases prostaglandins that reset the hypothalamus to a high temperature.
Body increases rate of metabolism and shivering which raise temperature.
When IL–1 is eliminated, body temperature falls (crisis).

5. Fever Advantages Disadvantages Increase transferrins
Increase IL–1 activity
Disadvantages
Tachycardia
Acidosis
Dehydration

6. The Complement System Serum proteins activated in a cascade.
Figure 16.9

7. Effects of Complement Activation
Opsonization or immune adherence: Enhanced phagocytosis.
Membrane attack complex: Cytolysis.
Attract phagocytes.
Figure 16.10

8. Effects of Complement Activation
Figure 16.11

9. Classical Pathway
Figure 16.12

10. Alternative Pathway
Figure 16.13

11. Lectin Pathway
Figure 16.14

12. Some Bacteria Evade Complement
Capsules prevent C activation.
Surface lipid-carbohydrates prevent MAC formation.
Enzymatic digestion of C5a.

13. Interferons (IFNs)
Alpha IFN and Beta IFN: Cause cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication.
Gamma IFN: Causes neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytize bacteria.

14. Interferons (IFNs)
Figure 16.15

15. Innate Immunity Transferrins Antimicrobial peptides Bind serum iron
Lyse bacterial cells