1. Complex Organic Molecules Simpler waste Products w/ Catabolic pathways
Less Energy
Complex
Organic
Molecules
Catabolic pathways
Energy
ENERGY
For work
Lost as heat

2. Example is Cellular Respiration

3. “oxidation of glucose”
??????
Lose electrons = Oxidized (LEO)
Gain electrons = Reduced (GER)
Oxidation / Reduction reactions or Redox reactions have to occur in pairs
Electrons move toward the more electronegative atoms
Oxygen is most common electron acceptor

4. -NAD+ is a coenzyme
-is found in all cells
-helps transfer electrons

5. Overview of respiration
-glucose is oxidized
-electrons (hydrogen atoms) leave the carbon atoms and combine w/ O2
-this happens by a series of steps via NAD+
and an electron transport chain
-During this process ATP is produced

6. Two ways to get ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation 1
ATP production that is coupled to the exergonic transfer of electrons from food to oxygen

8. 2 Substrate level phosphorylation
ATP production by direct enzymatic transfer of phosphate from an intermediate substrate to ADP

11. Glycolysis overview
-glucose (contain 6 Carbons) is split into two 3-carbon sugars.
-these 3-carbon sugars are oxidized and rearranged to form 2 pyruvate molecules
-occurs in the cytosol
-no CO2 released
-occurs whether or not oxygen is present.
-2 net ATP produced

17. Glycolysis Animation

28. Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Citric
Figure 7.UN09
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and chemiosmosis
Citric
acid
cycle
Pyruvate
oxidation
Glycolysis
Figure 7.UN09 In-text figure, mini-map, oxidative phosphorylation, p. 144
ATP
ATP
ATP 28

29. Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcal/mol)
Figure 7.12
NADH 50 2 e−
NAD
FADH2
Multiprotein
complexes 2 e−
FAD 40 I
FMN II
Fe•S
Fe•S Q
III
Cyt b 30
Fe•S
Cyt c1 IV
Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcal/mol)
Cyt c
Cyt a
Cyt a3 20
Figure 7.12 Free-energy change during electron transport 10 2 e−
(originally from
NADH or FADH2)
2 H  ½ O2
H2O 29

30. Electron transport chain Oxidative phosphorylation
Figure 7.14 H H
Protein
complex
of electron
carriers H H
Cyt c IV Q
III I
ATP
synthase II
2 H  ½ O2
H2O
FADH2
FAD
NADH
NAD
ADP  P
ATP
Figure 7.14 Chemiosmosis couples the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis i
(carrying electrons
from food) H 1
Electron transport chain 2
Chemiosmosis
Oxidative phosphorylation 30

31. H INTERMEMBRANE SPACE Stator Rotor Internal rod Catalytic knob ADP 
Figure 7.13 H
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
Stator
Rotor
Internal rod
Catalytic knob
Figure 7.13 ATP synthase, a molecular mill
ADP  P
ATP
MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX i 31

32. animation

33. Electron shuttles span membrane MITOCHONDRION 2 NADH CYTOSOL or
Figure 7.15
Electron shuttles
span membrane
MITOCHONDRION
2 NADH
CYTOSOL or
2 FADH2
2 NADH
2 NADH
6 NADH
2 FADH2
Glycolysis
Pyruvate
oxidation
2 Acetyl CoA
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and
chemiosmosis
Citric
acid
cycle 2
Pyruvate
Glucose
 2 ATP
Figure 7.15 ATP yield per molecule of glucose at each stage of cellular respiration
 2 ATP
 about 26 or 28 ATP
About
30 or 32 ATP
Maximum per glucose: 33

34. Brown Fat in hibernating animals
Contain uncoupling protein that is a channel protein that allows diffusion of H+ NOT through ATP synthase

35. Comparison of chemiosmosis in chloroplasts and mitochondria
SIMILARITIES
An ETC in a membrane transports protons across a
membrane
ATP synthase in membrane couples diffusion of protons
with phosphorylation of ADP
ATP synthase and electron carriers (cytochromes) are
very similar in both

37. ETC SPACIAL ORGANIZATION DIFFERENCES
-mito transfer chemical E from food to ATP
-electrons are extracted from oxidation
of food molecules
-chloroplasts transform light E into chemical E
-uses light E to drive electrons to top of
transport chain
SPACIAL ORGANIZATION
-mito pump protons from matrix out to the
intermembrane space (which is a reservoir for protons)
-chloro. Thylakoid membrane pumps protons from
stroma into thylakoid compartment (serve as a
proton reservoir)

38. Fermentation