1. EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY EIGHTH EDITION IN MODULES David Myers
PowerPoint Slides
Aneeq Ahmad
Henderson State University
Worth Publishers, © 2011

2. Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind

3. Drugs Module 7

4. Dependence and Addiction
Misconceptions About Addiction
Psychoactive Drugs
Depressants
Stimulants
Hallucinogens

5. Influences on Drug Use Biological Influences
Psychological and Social-Cultural Influences

6. Drugs
Psychoactive Drug: A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood (affects consciousness).

7. Dependence & Addiction
Continued use of a psychoactive drug produces tolerance. With repeated exposure to a drug, the drug’s effect lessens. Thus it takes greater quantities to get the desired effect.
Preview Question 1: What are tolerance, dependence, and addiction and what are some common misconception about addiction?

8. Withdrawal & Dependence
Withdrawal: Upon stopping use of a drug (after addiction), users may experience the undesirable effects of withdrawal.
Dependence: Absence of a drug may lead to a feeling of physical pain, intense cravings (physical dependence), and negative emotions (psychological dependence).

9. Misconceptions About Addiction
Addiction is a craving for a chemical substance, despite its adverse consequences
Addictive drugs quickly corrupt.
For about 10% of people this is true.
Addiction cannot be overcome voluntarily.
Recovery rates for treated and untreated addicts differ less than you might suppose
Addiction can be extended to other repetitive, pleasure-seeking behaviors.
Debate continues

10. Psychoactive drugs are divided into three groups.
Depressants
Stimulants
Hallucinogens

11. Depressants
Depressants are drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. They include:
Alcohol
Barbiturates
Opiates
Preview Question 2: What are depressants, and what are their effects?

12. Depressants
Alcohol affects motor skills, judgment, and memory…and increases aggressiveness while reducing self awareness.
Daniel Hommer, NIAAA, NIH, HHS
Ray Ng/ Time & Life Pictures/ Getty Images
Drinking and Driving

13. Depressants
2. Barbiturates: Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment. Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal are some examples.

14. Depressants
3. Opiates: Opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. They are highly addictive.

15. Stimulants
Stimulants are drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. Examples of stimulants are:
Caffeine
Nicotine
Cocaine
Ecstasy
Amphetamines
Methamphetamines
Preview Question 3: What are stimulants, and what are their effects?

16. Methamphetamine
Methamphetamine is a highly addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system.
This woman’s methamphetamine addiction led to obvious physical changes.

17. Caffeine & Nicotine
Caffeine and nicotine increase heart and breathing rates and other autonomic functions to provide energy.

18. Why Do People Smoke? People smoke because it is socially rewarding.
Smoking is also a result of genetic factors.

19. Why Do People Smoke?
Nicotine takes away unpleasant cravings (negative reinforcement) by triggering epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and endorphins.
Nicotine itself is rewarding (positive reinforcement).

20. Cocaine euphoria and crash
Cocaine induces immediate euphoria followed by a crash. Crack, a form of cocaine, can be smoked. Other forms of cocaine can be sniffed or injected.
Cocaine euphoria and crash

21. Ecstasy
Ecstasy or Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a stimulant and mild hallucinogen. It produces a euphoric high and can damage serotonin-producing neurons, which results in a permanent deflation of mood and impairment of memory.

22. Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens are psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.
Preview Question 4: What are hallucinogens, and what are their effects?
Ronald K. Siegel

23. Hallucinogens
LSD: (lysergic acid diethylamide) powerful hallucinogenic drug that is also known as acid.
THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol): is the major active ingredient in marijuana (hemp plant) that triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.

24. Near-Death Experiences
After a close brush with death, many people report an experience of moving through a dark tunnel with a light at the end. Under the influence of hallucinogens, others report bright lights at the center of their field of vision.
(From “Hallucinations” by R.K. Siegel. Copyright
© 1977 Scientific American, Inc. All rights reserved.)

25. Drugs
Summary

26. Influences on Drug Use
The graph below shows the percentage of U.S. high- school seniors reporting their use of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine from the 70s to the late 2000s.
Preview Question 5: Why do some people become regular users of consciousness-altering drugs?

27. Biological Influences
Some people may be biologically vulnerable to particular drugs. Certain genes may produce deficiencies in the brain’s dopamine reward system.

28. Influences on Drug Use
The use of drugs is based on biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences.

29. Influence for Drug Prevention and Treatment
Education about the long-term costs
Efforts to boost people’s self-esteem and purpose
Attempts to modify peer associations and teaching refusal skills