1. SSWM Implementation Tools
09/06/10
SSWM Implementation Tools
Michael Kropac, seecon international gmbh
The SSWM Measures are divided into “Hardware” and “Software”.
Hardware stands for all technical measures how to optimise the sanitation and water management system (like toilets, sewers, taps etc.)
Software covers regulatory and social measures, taking into account the importance of social norms and attitudes in SSWM. 1

2. Copy it, adapt it, use it – but acknowledge the source!
Copyright & Disclaimer
Copy it, adapt it, use it – but acknowledge the source!
Copyright
Included in the SSWM Toolbox are materials from various organisations and sources. Those materials are open source. Following the open-source concept for capacity building and non-profit use, copying and adapting is allowed provided proper acknowledgement of the source is made (see below). The publication of these materials in the SSWM Toolbox does not alter any existing copyrights. Material published in the SSWM Toolbox for the first time follows the same open-source concept, with all rights remaining with the original authors or producing organisations.
To view an official copy of the the Creative Commons Attribution Works 3.0 Unported License we build upon, visit This agreement officially states that:
You are free to:
Share - to copy, distribute and transmit this document  
Remix - to adapt this document. We would appreciate receiving a copy of any changes that you have made to improve this document.
Under the following conditions:
Attribution: You must always give the original authors or publishing agencies credit for the document or picture you are using.
Disclaimer
The contents of the SSWM Toolbox reflect the opinions of the respective authors and not necessarily the official opinion of the funding or supporting partner organisations.
Depending on the initial situations and respective local circumstances, there is no guarantee that single measures described in the toolbox will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation and the implementation and combination of the measures described. An in-depth analysis of respective advantages and disadvantages and the suitability of the measure is necessary in every single case. We do not assume any responsibility for and make no warranty with respect to the results that may be obtained from the use of the information provided.

3. Contents Implementation Tools Hardware Software
Awareness Raising Tools
Command & Control Tools
Economic Tools
Creating an Enabling Environment
4. References

4. 09/06/10
1. Implementation Tools
SSWM Implementation Tools give a concrete and specific answer to the main question:
How can I optimize my local water management and sanitation system and make it more sustainable?
= „What can I do?“ 4

5. 1. Implementation Tools…
09/06/10
1. Implementation Tools…
...can be technical (Hardware) as well as economic, political and social tools (Software).
Seven overarching themes include a large number of different tools to:
Water Sources Management
Water Purification
Water Distribution
Water and Nutrient Use
Wastewater Collection
Wastewater Treatment
Reuse and Recharge of Nutrients and Water
Source: 5

6. Save Water ! Save Energy ! Save Money ! Save Nutrients! 2. Hardware
09/06/10
2. Hardware
Hardwares are…
… technical tools to optimize your water and nutrient cycle
… they answer questions like:
What technology options exist?
How can I design and built them?
In which context are they applicable?
Can I built them on my own?
How much do they cost?
How do I maintain and operate them?
Etc, etc, etc, etc, etc, etc…
Save Water !
Save Energy !
Save Money !
Save Nutrients!
Source: 6

7. 2. Hardware Hardwares are…
09/06/10
2. Hardware
Hardwares are…
… technical tools to optimize your water and nutrient cycle
These are physical solutions that you can see and touch with your hands such as water filters, toilets, treatment systems or technologies to recycle water and nutrients.
Usually, you will nee a combination of different hardware and software tools to really make a sustainable impact.
Source: 7

8. 3. Software Why software tools?... … because hardware is not enough!
09/06/10
3. Software
Why software tools?...
Source: [Accessed: ]
Just providing structures (e.g.) toilets is not enough.
Many sanitation or water programmes have failed because they were supply driven (organisations wanted toilets, not the people!)
People will only use and maintain SSWM systems properly which they really want themselves (demand driven).
People will only accept solutions when they understand them and see benefits of them.
… because hardware is not enough! 8 8

9. 3. Software Softwares are…
09/06/10
3. Software
Softwares are…
… are instruments and set-ups with aim to change the behaviour and attitudes of different actors
Software tools are a bit "fuzzy", as one cannot really see or touch them.
Software tools can also be implemented without combining them with hardware tools.
Software tools are divided into four different groups
Source: 9

10. The SSWM Software Tools are divided into four groups:
09/06/10
3. Software
What are Software Tools?
The SSWM Software Tools are divided into four groups:
The SSWM Software Measures are divided into four groups:
Creating an Enabling Environment
Command & Control Measures
Economic Measures
Awareness Raising Measures
Some of the factsheets will also be identical or very similar for each section. This is due to the fact that some measures do not have to be adapted specifically to the subsections. For example, an approach to a school campaign will be more or less the same for water use or water treatment. Naturally, case studies and further readings have to be adjusted. 10

11. A) Awareness Raising Tools
09/06/10
A) Awareness Raising Tools
... because people pursue goals in accordance with their values and knowledge.
Different types of information, education and communication instruments used to initiate behavioural change and to stimulate social pressure towards a more sustainable use of water resources.
Tools:
Media campaigns
Advocacy to influence leaders
Empower young people as promoters
School campaigns
Etc.
Example:
Empower young people as promoters: Teachers encourage children to communicate hygiene messages
In the evaluation of the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Program, WaterAid (Tanzania) support for the child-to-child program is seen as “perhaps the most successful approach." Teachers are trained in the PHAST approach. The teachers then encourage children to communicate hygiene and sanitation messages through a variety of media such as songs, drama and stories. (Schaap et al. 2002)
Awareness Raising Tools in general:
Pros:
Can be applied by all actors
Suited to supporting the acceptance and effectiveness of other instruments
Effective quickly
New forms of social organisation could arise
Effective in the long term if there is a corresponding trend in society
High acceptance of traditional forms
Contras:
Effectiveness difficult to measure
Hesitant acceptance of unfamiliar forms of communication
Resistance to new forms of participation possible
Costs:
for planning and executing projects and action campaigns
Costs for education and research
Source: us/Lists/Kyoto%20Prize%20Application%20Form/Attachme nts/68/Tankaposter-%20poster%20guj.jpg [Accessed: ] 11

12. A) Awareness Raising Tools
09/06/10
A) Awareness Raising Tools
Example: Advocacy
Advocacy is the action of delivering an argument to gain commitment from political and social leaders and to prepare a society for a particular issue.
Influencing and involving important leaders, because political support together with support from community leaders and religious leaders can give a water-related project or campaign a powerful boost.
Political support: The mayor of Mymensingh Pourashava has supported the Malgudam community to create a demonstration plot for using toilet bags as fertilizer.
Source: 12

13. B) Command & Control Tools
09/06/10
B) Command & Control Tools
… because people want to avoid the penalties for non-compliance.
Direct regulations which government bodies can establish so water users as well as services providers are obliged to comply.
Source: engine/files/2008_july/Stop_Sign.jpg [Accessed: ]
Tools:
Prohibitions
Restrictions
Permits
Standards
Etc.
Example:
Water Restriction policy in households during drought seasons in Sydney.
Watering, including with sprinklers and irrigation systems, is allowed any day before 10 am and after 4 pm to avoid the heat of the day.
All hand held hoses must have a trigger nozzle.
No hosing of hard surfaces such as paths and driveways. Washing vehicles is allowed.
Fire hoses may be used for fire fighting activities only.
Wash your car on the lawn wherever possible. This will not only water and fertilise your lawn but will also avoid stormwater pollution.
Avoid any form of outdoor hosing between 10 am and 4 pm to avoid the heat of the day, when evaporation is high.
Use a broom to clean up leaves, grass clippings, dirt, dust or general litter on paths or driveways instead of hosing.
In the field of SSWM this includes granting the right to use water resources and as environmental or quality standards are established, through granting permits for activities
Pros:
Effectiveness highly foreseeable
Effective if compliance easily controlled
Accepted as the main element of current environmental policy
Spread of best available technologies
Contras:
Compliance should be easily controlled
Monitoring is expensive
Relatively inflexible
Creating and instituting laws is time-consuming and has administrative costs 13

14. B) Command & Control Tools
09/06/10
B) Command & Control Tools
Example: Water Restrictions in Water Use
Restrictions, rationing or full prohibitions are legal tools that have a direct impact on the forms of conduct.
In water use restrictions, public authorities or independent regulatory agencies establish restrictions and bans that water users and provides are obliged to follow.
Example:
Water Restriction policy in households during drought seasons in Sydney.
Watering, including with sprinklers and irrigation systems, is allowed any day before 10 am and after 4 pm to avoid the heat of the day.
All hand held hoses must have a trigger nozzle.
No hosing of hard surfaces such as paths and driveways. Washing vehicles is allowed.
Fire hoses may be used for fire fighting activities only.
Wash your car on the lawn wherever possible. This will not only water and fertilise your lawn but will also avoid stormwater pollution.
Avoid any form of outdoor hosing between 10 am and 4 pm to avoid the heat of the day, when evaporation is high.
Use a broom to clean up leaves, grass clippings, dirt, dust or general litter on paths or driveways instead of hosing.
Water Policeman in Australia controlling that water is properly used.
Source: 14

15. Reticulation sprinklers: Hose watering of gardens:
09/06/10
B) Command & Control Tools
Example: Australia drought Stages Planning
Stage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Reticulation sprinklers:
Daily
Alter nate days
3 times/ week
Twice weekly
Once weekly
No sprinklers
Sprinkler times:
Before 9.00am or after 6.00pm
Hose watering of gardens:
Any time
No hose watering
Swimming pools:
No restriction
No over- filling
No topping-up
No filling
Car washing:
No restriction
Bucket only
Different concrete stages of water restrictions which can currently be applied in Western Australia
Source: Accessed: ] 15

16. B) Command & Control Tools
09/06/10
B) Command & Control Tools
Example: Water Restrictions in Water Use
Restrictions are a “quick-fix” and not a tool that guarantees a sustainable use of water in the long run Restrictions are a “quick- fix” and not a tool that guarantees a sustainable use of water in the long run.
Water use restrictions should be regarded as a last resort tool that can be applied in critical situations
Example:
Water Restriction policy in households during drought seasons in Sydney.
Watering, including with sprinklers and irrigation systems, is allowed any day before 10 am and after 4 pm to avoid the heat of the day.
All hand held hoses must have a trigger nozzle.
No hosing of hard surfaces such as paths and driveways. Washing vehicles is allowed.
Fire hoses may be used for fire fighting activities only.
Wash your car on the lawn wherever possible. This will not only water and fertilise your lawn but will also avoid stormwater pollution.
Avoid any form of outdoor hosing between 10 am and 4 pm to avoid the heat of the day, when evaporation is high.
Use a broom to clean up leaves, grass clippings, dirt, dust or general litter on paths or driveways instead of hosing.
Awareness raising campaign on TV in Sydney, watering before 10 am.
Source: Accessed: ] 16

17. 09/06/10
C) Economic Tools
…. because people want to achieve maximal benefit at minimal cost.
Involve the use of prices and other market-based instruments to provide incentives to consumers and all water users to change behaviour.
Source: [Accessed: ]
Tools:
Water pricing (tariffs)
Subsidies
Charges (irrigation, wastewater)
Tradable water rights
Etc.
Example: water pricing
Instrument: Increasing block rate
Definition: Higher rates for consumption of greater quantities of water␣
Advantages: Promotes water conservation effectively & Greater consumption is penalized to avoid excesses by users
Disadvantages: May require metering & May impact low income households
Economic Instruments in general:
Pros:
Reaches goals at minimal cost
Provides incentives for improvements beyond the prescriptions
Innovations in company organisation
Increasing political acceptance
Development and spread of new technologies, processes, and products
Contras:
In practice often limited effectiveness due to low taxes, undifferentiated charges, and approval of exemptions
Resistance to new costs
Creation of legal bases is time-consuming
Costs:
Administrative costs (can be covered by revenues from taxes and charges)
Costs for subsidies 17

18. C) Economic Tools Example: Subsidies
09/06/10
C) Economic Tools
Example: Subsidies
A subsidy, also known as a subvention, is a form of financial assistance paid to an individual, a business or an economic sector in order to achieve certain policy objectives. (WSSCC 2009)
Subsidies are usually implemented by public authorities but in developing countries non-governmental organizations also implement subsidies.
Example: water pricing
Instrument: Increasing block rate
Definition: Higher rates for consumption of greater quantities of water␣
Advantages: Promotes conservation effectively & Greater consumption is penalized to avoid excesses by users
Disadvantages: May require metering & May impact low income households
Economic Instruments in general:
Pros:
Reaches goals at minimal cost
Provides incentives for improvements beyond the prescriptions
Innovations in company organisation
Increasing political acceptance
Development and spread of new technologies, processes, and products
Contras:
In practice often limited effectiveness due to low taxes, undifferentiated charges, and approval of exemptions
Resistance to new costs
Creation of legal bases is time-consuming
Costs:
Administrative costs (can be covered by revenues from taxes and charges)
Costs for subsidies
A typical subsidy is the subvention from governments to big farmers.
Source: farm-subsidies.html [Accessed: ] 18

19. D) Creating an Enabling Environment
09/06/10
D) Creating an Enabling Environment
… because you need a sound framework to establish a sustainable water and sanitation management strategy.
These tools are the necessary preconditions for a successful implementation of the other tools.
Tools:
Policies and legal framework requirements
Building an institutional framework
Developing human resources
Etc.
Examples:
Developing Human Resources training water professionals, staff development is crucial to establish long-term projects in the field of awareness raising
Establishing a Legal Framework to clarify entitlement and responsibilities of users and water providers or to provide legal status for various water user groups
Pros:
obviously, you need them
Contras:
Local authorities have limited influence towards higher governmental powers and could be restricted on their actions 19

20. D) Creating an Enabling Environment
09/06/10
D) Creating an Enabling Environment
Example: Building an Institutional Framework
An institutional framework for SSWM consists of a range of different organisations that are in place (or need to be in place) to develop and manage water resources and the delivery of water and sanitation services, at different levels of society. (GWP 2008)
Adjudication
Pollution Control
Conservation and Protection
Flood Control and Risk Mitigation
Water Treatment and Reuse
Wastewater Collection
Allocation and Supply of Water
Surveillance and Monitoring
Regulation, Control and Enforcement
Networking, Information Exchange
Education and Awareness Raising
Policy Formulation
SSWM 20 20

21. D) Creating an Enabling Environment
09/06/10
D) Creating an Enabling Environment
Building an Institutional Framework: Regulatory Bodies and Enforcement Agencies (GWP 2008)
E Extremely important role in establishing and ensuring the effective application of other tools.
Functions include:
Allocation of water rights, ensuring water quality, monitoring, etc.
Setting prices and performance standards for service providers
Tools for enforcement: Fines, taxes, penalties, withdrawal of permits and licences etc.
T The legitimacy of the regulatory body is critical in ensuring compliance.
Source:
Regulatory and enforcement bodies have an extremely important role in establishing and ensuring the effective application of tools.
Functions: allocation of water rights, environmental management related to water use, water quality, land use planning, etc.
Regulatory bodies also have a function in setting prices and performance standards for service providers (economic regulation).
The actual function of regulatory and enforcement bodies should be set out in a clear legal framework reflecting water policies. In some cases the same body undertakes regulation and enforcement; in other cases they are separate.
Regulatory and enforcement agencies normally have a range of tools for enforcement – fines, taxes, penalties, withdrawal of permits and licences etc.
Regulatory bodies and enforcement agencies may be financed through central government funds, or by user fees (e.g. pollution charges) or fines for non- compliance. If the latter applies, the terms need to be very clear or there is a potential risk of conflict of interest.
The specific functions of regulatory bodies and enforcement agencies are determined by government policy on water resources management. These bodies and agencies are usually in the government sector but may subcontract specific activities (e.g. monitoring and testing samples) to non-governmental organisations, including private companies. It is important that they can act without day-to-day political interference.Effective capacity in regulation and enforcement is essential and this applies whether traditional regulatory instruments or innovative pricing and economic instruments are used.
However, capacity in regulatory and enforcement bodies varies widely from region to region and a focus on capacity building and support is essential. The legitimacy of the regulatory body is critical in ensuring compliance. 21 21

22. 4. References
GWP (2008). Toolbox. Integrated Water Resource Management. Global Water Partnership (GWP). URL: [Accessed: ]
WSSCC (2009): Public Funding for Sanitation. The Many Faces of Sanitation Subsidies. Geneva: Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC). URL: _faces_of_sanitation_subsidies.pdf [Accessed ]

23. “Linking up Sustainable Sanitation, Water Management & Agriculture”
SSWM is an initiative supported by:
Compiled by: 23