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Ecology: The study of the interactions among living things, and between living things and their surroundings.
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Levels of Organization
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Organism An individual living thing an alligator
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Population Group of the same species that live together in one area
Lots of alligators!
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Community Group of different species that live together in one area
All the plants and animals in the swamp…
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Ecosystem All the organisms plus the abiotic factors such as the soil, water, rocks, climate, and other nonliving things in a given area The organisms in the swamp and the nonliving things…
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Ecology Vocabulary Biotic: Factors that are living
Ex. plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria Abiotic: Factors that are nonliving Ex. water, sun, soil, wind, temperature
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Producers vs. Consumers
Producers: organisms that make their own food Also called autotrophs Consumers: organisms that get their energy from eating other living or once-living things Also called heterotrophs
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Types of Consumers Herbivores: eat only plants
Carnivores: eat only animals Omnivores: eat both plants and animals Decomposers: eat dead plants and animals and help break down organic matter into simpler compounds
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Community Ecology
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What is a community? Community: All the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction. Community ecology: The study of how interactions between different species affect community structure and organization.
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Species Interactions The most well know is predation, but there are others…
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Competition between lions and hyenas
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Figure 53.x2 Parasitic behavior: A female Nasonia vitripennis laying a clutch of eggs into the pupa of a blowfly (Phormia regina)
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Figure 53.9 Mutualism between acacia trees and ants
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Figure 53.x3 Commensalism between a bird and mammal
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What is this?
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Food Chains Trophic structure: feeding relationships between organisms
Food chain: transfer of food energy Trophic levels: the “links” in the food chain Usually no more than 4 or 5 Food chains are not isolated units - they are linked to form food webs
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Marine Food Web
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Figure 53.6 Aposematic (warning) coloration in a poisonous blue frog
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Figure 53.x1 Deceptive coloration: moth with "eyeballs"
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Figure 53.7 Batesian mimicry
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Figure 53.8 Müllerian mimicry: Cuckoo bee (left), yellow jacket (right)
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