1. Introduction to Computer Programming Counting Loops 2
Review
Stepwise Refinement
Scope
Loop Inside Loop
Fence Post 1

2. Counting Loops
We use a for loop to write loops that run a specific number of times:
In Java, it looks like this:
for ( count = start;
count <= finish;
count=count+1) {
statements } 8

3. Counting Loops (syntax reminder)
for (count = start; count <= finish; count++)
statement
final value of
the counter
initial value
of the counter
variable used to count
times through the loop 9

4. Loop Example reminder
public class sayHello { public static void main() System.out.println(“Let’s get started”); for ( int count = 0; // runs the first time count < 3; // test that runs each time count = count + 1) // runs all but first System.out.println(“Hello World”); } System.out.println(“Goodbye”);

5. Some uses Repeat statements Repeat methods
Repeat formulas with new values
Accumulate

6. Repeating method calls
public class printShapes {
public static void main() {
System.out.println(“Get started”);
diamond();
System.out.println(“All Done”); }
public static void diamond()
System.out.println(“ *”);
System.out.println(“ * *”);
System.out.println(“ * *”);

7. Use For loop to repeat method
public class printShapes {
public static void main() {
System.out.println(“Get started”);
for ( int count = 1;
count <= 3;
count = count + 1)
diamond(); }
System.out.println(“All Done”);
public static void diamond()
System.out.println(“ *”);
System.out.println(“ * *”);
System.out.println(“ * *”);
You try: make it print 30 of these diamonds; make it print the word “ Break “ between each diamond.

8. Repeat formulas Remember this assignment:
You are given these two formulas: z = 80/b+5 y = 2z+b
What is the result when b is 10?
What is the result when b is 20?
What is the result when b is 30?
Use a loop:

9. Loops: Reset variables using new values
Instead of rewriting the variable setting, loop back through the setting code.
b = b+4 does not change the z = statement, but the z = statement runs right after the b = statement in the loop, so the new b value is used.
double b, z, y;
b = 10;
for (int count = 1; count <= 2; count++) {
z = 80/b+5; y = 2*z+b;
System.out.println(“the value of z when b is " + b + " is " + z);
b = b+10;
} System.out.println("the final value of z is " + z);

10. Repeat a formula - you try
Open your quiz and copy out your profit = price – cost. See how it repeats
Put your profit calculation and printing into a loop that runs 2 times, and increase the price by 5 inside the loop.
It will look something like:
Cost = 2;
Price = 5.5;
for (int count = 1; count <=2; count++) {
totalValue=price-cost;
System.out.println(totalValue);
price=price+5; }
See how it reruns the formula with the new values.
Add 1 to the cost also and rerun it to see what happens.
Add a line to print the count so you can see its value as it loops.
Does it work if you put price == 5.5 inside the loop? – try it
Does it work if you change the order of these lines – try it

11. Loops: Scope of Variables
Variables created in loops disappear when the loop ends
You can create the counter before the loop if you want to keep it for the entire program.
double b, y;
b = 5;
int count;
for (count = 1; count <= 2; count++) {
double z = 80/b+5; y = 2*z+b;
System.out.println(“the value of z when b is " + b + " is " + z);
b = b+4;
} System.out.println("the final value of z is " + z); // can't do this because z was created inside loop.

12. Scope – you try More changes to our profit calculator:
Add code after the loop ends (after the }) to print totalValue and price. Do you see the first price or last price?
Try to print count then also after the loop and see that it wont compile – Why not?
Create count (int count;) before the loop starts instead, and then try to print count after the loop – why does that work now?
What happens when you create totalValue inside the loop instead of before the loop?

13. Design– Stepwise refinement
Approach problem by writing algorithm at high level and refining details down to code level
Flow chart

14. Example: Interest Program - problem
Example - Write a program that calculates the interest that the Canarsie Indians would have accumulated if they had put the $24 that they had received for Manhattan Island in the bank at 5% interest.
Input - none; all the values are fixed
Output - Year and Principle
Other Information -
Principle is initially 24
Interest = Interest Rate * Principle
New Principle = Old Principle + Interest 27

15. Example: Interest Program
Our initial algorithm is:
1. Set the principle to 24
2. For every year since 1625, add 5% interest to the principle and print out the principle. 28

16. Refining The Interest Algorithm
1. Set the principle to 24
2. For every year since 1625, add 5% interest to the principle and print out the principle.
2.1 FOR Year goes from 1625 TO Present:
Add 5% interest to the principle
Print the current principle 29

17. Refining The Interest Algorithm
1. Set the principle to 24
2.1 FOR Year goes from 1625 TO Present:
Add 5% interest to the principle
Print the current principle
Calculate 5% Interest
Add the interest to the principle 30

18. Refining The Interest Algorithm
1. Set the principle to 24
2.1 FOR Year goes from 1625 TO Present:
Calculate 5% Interest
Add the interest to the principle
2.1.2 Print the current principle
principle = 24; 31

19. Refining The Interest Algorithm
principle = 24;
2.1 FOR Year goes from 1625 TO Present:
Calculate 5% Interest
Add the interest to the principle
2.1.2 Print the current principle
for (year = 1625; year < present; year++) { } 32

20. Refining The Interest Algorithm
principle = 24;
for (year = 1625; year < present; year++) {
Calculate 5% Interest
Add the interest to the principle
2.1.2 Print the current principle }
interest = rate * principle;
principle = principle + interest; 33

21. Refining The Interest Algorithm
principle = 24;
for (year = 1625; year < present; year++) {
interest = rate * principle;
principle = principle + interest;
2.1.2 Print the current principle }
System.out.println("year = " + year
+ "\tprinciple = “
+ principle); 34

22. The Interest Program public class Interest {
// Calculate the interest that the Canarsie
// Indians could have accrued if they had
// deposited the $24 in an bank account at
// 5% interest.
public static void main(String[] args) {
final int present = 2005;
int year;
final double rate = 0.05;
double interest, principle;
// Set the initial principle at $24
principle = 24; 35

23. // For every year since 1625, add 5% interest
// to the principle and print out
// the principle
for (year = 1625; year < present; year++) {
interest = rate * principle;
principle = principle + interest;
System.out.println("year = " + year
+ "\tprinciple = "
+ principle); } 35

24. Output from the Compound Interest Program
What will our output look like?
year = 1625 principle = 25.2
year = 1626 principle = 26.46
year = 1627 principle =
year = 1628 principle =
… … … … …
year = 2001 principle = E9
year = 2002 principle = E9
year = 2003 principle = E9
year = 2004 principle = E9 37

25. Outer loops Repeat a loop to print 1 – 10 3 times
Outer loops need their own counter.
The inner loop can use both its own counter and the outer loop’s counter
for (int fullRunCount = 1; fullRunCount <= 3; fullRunCount ++)
{ System.out.println("Starting run # " + fullRunCount);
for (int count = 1; count <= 10; count++) {
System.out.println(count + “part of run “ + fullRunCount); }

26. You Try Print 1 to 30 by 5’s, and then repeat that 3 times:
Extra1: Each time you repeat, drop the first number

27. You Try Answer
for (int fullRunCount = 1; fullRunCount <= 3; fullRunCount ++) { for (int count = 5 ; count <= 30; count= count + 5) System.out.print(count + " "); } To make the Extra1 work, for (int count = 5 * fullRunCount)

28. Outer loop shapes
First I have a loop that prints 7 stars in a row using a loop. When the loop is done, go to the next line.
Now add an outer loop to print the 7 stars 3 times. (remember to use a different counter)
for (int fullRunCount = 1; fullRunCount <=3; fullRunCount++) {
for (int count = 1; count <=7; count++)
System.out.print("*"); }
System.out.println();
and now you have
*******

29. Outer loop shapes
You can use the outer control counter as a variable inside the inner loop.
Now print as many stars as the counter in the outer loop
for (int fullRunCount = 1; fullRunCount <=3; fullRunCount++) {
for (int count = 1; count <=fullRunCount; count++)
System.out.print("*"); }
System.out.println();
and now you have this shape * **
***

30. Outer loop shapes You can have many inner loops inside an outer loop
Now print as many stars as the counter in the outer loop
for (int fullRunCount = 1; fullRunCount <=3; fullRunCount++) {
for (int count = 1; count <=3-fullRunCount; count++)
System.out.print(" "); }
for (int count = 1; count <=fullRunCount; count++)
System.out.print("*");
System.out.println();
and now you have this shape
* spaces 1 star
** space 2 stars
*** spaces 3 stars

31. Remove the magic number 3
int basewidth = 3; for (int fullRunCount = 1; fullRunCount <=basewidth; fullRunCount++) { for (int count = 1; count <=basewidth-fullRunCount; count++) System.out.print(" "); } for (int count = 1; count <=fullRunCount; count++) System.out.print("*"); System.out.println();

32. You try: make a diamond
Make a method to print the top half of a diamond that is 5 wide at its base and 1 wide at the top.
* spaces, 1 star *** space, 3 stars
***** space, 5 stars
Hint: if outer loop is 1,2,3
Make a method to print the bottom half.
Extra: print the entire diamond 10 times
Extra: make the size of the diamond base a variable

33. You try: make a diamond
Make a method to print the top half of a diamond that is 5 wide at its base and 1 wide at the top.
* spaces, 1 star *** space, 3 stars
***** space, 5 stars
Hint: if outer loop is 1,2,3
Fill out this chart:
Outer
Spaces needed
Spaces alg
Stars needed
Stars
alg

34. You try: make a diamond- chart
Make a method to print the top half of a diamond that is 5 wide at its base and 1 wide at the top.
* spaces, 1 star *** space, 3 stars
***** space, 5 stars
Hint: if outer loop is 1,2,3
Fill out this chart:
Outer
Spaces needed
Spaces alg
Stars needed
Stars
alg 2 1
5- 2*Outer 3
outer 5

35. You try Diamond Top Answer
int basewidth = 5;
for (int fullRunCount = basewidth/2+1; fullRunCount >=0; fullRunCount--) {
for (int count = 1; count <= fullRunCount; count++)
System.out.print(" "); }
for (int count = 1; count <= basewidth -2*fullRunCount; count++)
System.out.print("*");
System.out.println();

36. You try Diamond Bottom int basewidth = 5;
for (int fullRunCount = 1; fullRunCount < basewidth/2+1; fullRunCount++) {
for (int count = 1; count <= fullRunCount; count++)
System.out.print(" "); }
for (int count = 1; count <= basewidth -2*fullRunCount; count++)
System.out.print("*");
System.out.println();

37. Important Loop Facts loops repeat the code in braces
Still goes line by line – (you should now know which line the system will read next)
variables persist with their value until they are destroyed – they don't reset at the beginning of a loop (unless a statement you write specifically sets it to 0).
variables created inside a loop are destroyed at the end of a loop
Loops can be inside other loops
You can accumulate a total by adding a new value to the accumulated total held in another variable. (total = total + whatever); - remember to start total at 0.

38. Summary
Stepwise Refinement – Approach as algorithm stepping down in detail until you get to code
Scope – variables die when the block they are created inside ends.
Can create before block and use inside block
Loop Inside Loop – Inside loop can use outside loops counter cleverly for control