1. Biology I
Chapters 16 & 17

2. Do Now
The diagram above shows several fossilized remains that were discovered at an archaeological dig site. The molecular and structural similarities observed among these organisms is best explained by which of the following?
A. human impact
B. natural selection
C. binary fission
D. genetic mutations

3. Which of the following is true about natural selection?
A. Natural selection acts upon individual organisms by changing their genetic code through a process known as gene flow.
B. Natural selection causes changes in populations because of the differential reproductive success of genetically varied individuals.
C. Natural selection causes changes in individual organisms because individuals adapt during their lifetime to better suit their environment.
D. Natural selection acts upon asexually reproducing populations that lack genetic variation among individual organisms.

4. In their first attempts to genetically engineer a cow that will make and secrete human growth hormones in milk, scientists found that they could insert the growth hormone gene into an embryonic calf. When the calf matures, it produces the hormone. However, they discovered that the altered gene gets lost from the genome during meiosis.
What is the best explanation of what will happen in a population of genetically altered cows?
A. The cows will not reproduce because only females will reproduce the altered gene.
B. The cows will not reproduce because neither males nor females will reproduce the altered gene.
C. The cows will reproduce, but neither males nor females will reproduce the altered gene.
D. The cows will reproduce, but only males will reproduce the altered gene.

5. Variation of Traits within a Population
Population-a group of the same species living in the same place at the same time.
Microevolution-a change in the collective genetic material of a population.
Bell Curve-shows the phenotypic variety in a population

6. Phenotype Frequency
Phenotype Frequency-The number of individuals with a particular phenotype divided by the total number of individuals in the population

7. Evolution Conditions that can cause evolution to take place:
Genetic Drift
Nonrandom Mating
Migration
Mutation-spontaneous allele changes

8. Gene Flow
Gene Flow-the movement of alleles into or out of a population due to migration
Immigration-the movement of individuals into a population
Emigration-the movement of individuals out of a population.

9. Genetic Drift
Genetic Drift-The phenomenon by which allele frequency in a population change as a result of random events, or chance

10. Genetic Drift
Bottleneck Effect-A type of genetic drift resulting from the reduction of a population, typically by a natural disaster, so that the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population.

11. Genetic Drift
Founder Effect-the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population

12. Nonrandom Mating
Sexual Selection-the tendency for females to choose the males they mate with based on certain traits.

13. Sexual Selection Sexual Psychology
Intrasexual selection-secondary sex structures may be used to compete with members of the same sex for mate.
Intersexual selection-mate choice-individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates.

14. Stabilizing Selection
Stabilizing selection-individuals with the average form of a trait have the highest fitness

15. Disruptive Selection
Disruptive Selection-The type of selection that may eliminate intermediate phenotypes

16. Directional Selection
Directional Selection-A change in the frequency of a particular gene in one direction in a population
Crash Course-Natural Selection

18. Do Now
In the living world, there is a great deal of genetic variation. The genetic information of dogs differs from the genetic information of cats; the genetic information of plants differs from the genetic information of bacteria; your genetic information differs from your father's genetic information; and so on.
Which of the following is least likely to be a source of genetic variation among living organisms?
A. meiosis
B. sexual reproduction
C. mutations
D. asexual reproduction

19. Which of the following processes would be most effective in changing the frequency of certain traits in a population over time?
A. natural selection
B. genetic recombination
C. spontaneous mutations
D. chemically-induced mutations

20. A mutation exists in a gene that controls hair growth on the middle digit of human fingers. Some people have mid-digital hair, while others do not. The gene can be passed from one generation to the next. Which explanation best predicts what should happen to this trait over time?
A. The incidence of mid-digital hair will decrease in the population because it has a selective disadvantage.
B. The incidence of mid-digital hair will increase because it offers no selective advantage.
C. The incidence of mid-digital hair will increase in the human population because it offers a selective advantage.
D. The incidence of mid-digital hair will not change because it offers no selective advantage or disadvantage.

21. Speciation Speciation-the process of species formation.
Morphology-the internal and external structure and appearance of an organism.

22. Speciation
New species of organisms may emerge if new traits resulting from altered genes are naturally selected.
Without genetic diversity, natural selection cannot occur.
Evolution does not always progress in one set direction.

23. Isolation & Speciation
Geographic isolation-the physical separation of members of a population
Allopatric Speciation-occurs when new species arise as a result of geographic isolation

24. Isolation & Speciation
Reproductive isolation-results from barriers to successful breeding between population groups in the same area
Sympatric Speciation-occurs when two subpopulations become reproductively isolated within the same geographic area

25. Isolation & Speciation
Prezygotic barriers-Prevent mating or fertilization between species
Temporal isolation-Two species breed at different times
Behavioral isolation-There is little or no sexual attraction between species, due to specific behaviors
Mechanical isolation-female and male sex organs or gametes are not compatible

26. Isolation & Speciation
Postzygotic barriers-operate after hybrid zygotes are formed
Hybrid sterility-where hybrid offspring between two species are sterile and therefore cannot mate

27. Rates of Speciation
Gradualism-The hypothesis that evolution occurs at a slow, constant rate
Punctuated Equilibrium-The hypothesis that evolution occurs at an irregular rate through geologic time
Crash Course-Speciation

28. Do Now
In 2 lines, explain the difference between gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

29. Biodiversity
Biodiversity-the variety of organisms considered at all levels from populations to ecosystems.
Taxonomy-The science of classifying living things

30. The Linnaean System
Carolus Linnaeus-developed the system of classifying organisms by assigning them a genus and species name
Gave scientists a Genus species Latin name.

31. Levels of Classification ***Know order***
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

32. Felis
catus
Species
Felis
Genus
Felidae
Family
Carnivora
Order
Mammalia
Class
Chordata
Phylum
Animalia
Kingdom
Eukarya
Domain

33. Levels of Classification
The lowest hierarchy level in biological classification is the
species.
The highest hierarchy level in biological classification is the
Domain.

34. Levels of Classification
Least inclusive
Species
Most inclusive
Domain

35. Levels of Classification
Organisms in different genera
may share the second word of their scientific names.
may be in the same family.
may be in different orders.

36. Levels of Classification
Today, biologists classify organisms by their
physical similarities
behavioral similarities
chemical similarities

37. Do Now
In 2 lines, explain why it was necessary to make a universal classification system of organisms.

38. Systematics
Systematics-to classify organisms in terms of their natural relationships
Used in systematic taxonomy to classify organisms
Patterns of embryological development
Homologous features
Amino acid sequences of proteins

39. Phylogenetics Phylogeny-the evolutionary history of a species
Phylogenetic Tree-presumed evolutionary relationships based on a variety of types of evidence.

40. Figure 15.7B Felis catus (domestic cat) Lutra lutra (European otter)
Mephitis
mephitis
(striped skunk)
Canis
familiaris
(domestic dog)
Canis
lupus
(wolf)
Species
Genus
Felis
Mephitis
Lutra
Canis
Family
Felidae
Mustelidae
Canidae
Order
Carnivora
Figure 15.7B

41. Cladistics
Cladistics-a system of phylogenetic analysis that uses shared and derived characters as the only criteria for grouping taxa
Shared character-a feature that all members of a group have in common
Derived character-a feature that evolved only within the group under consideration
Cladogram-a phylogenetic diagram

42. Cladistics

43. Three Domain Classification System
Carl Woese proposed the three-domain system of classification based on the examination of ribosomal RNA.

44. Three Domain Classification System
The three domain system of classification is based on similarities and differences in :
Ribosomal RNA
Embryological development
Fossils
Physical features
Various molecular structures

45. Classification Domain Kingdom Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
Unicellular or Multicellular
Autotroph, Heterotroph, or Both
Miscellaneous

46. Archaea Domain Archaea Kingdom Archaebacteria Prokaryotic Unicellular
Both
Use hydrogen to produce methane

47. Bacteria Domain Bacteria Kingdom Eubacteria Prokaryotic Unicellular
Both
Contains fatty acids

48. Protists Domain Eukarya Kingdom Protista Eukaryotic Unicellular Both
Lack tissue organization; any eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi

49. Fungi Domain Eukarya Kingdom Fungi Eukaryotic
Multicellular (Some Unicellular)
Heterotrophic (absorbs food)
Breaks down organic matter, which it then absorbs

50. Plantae Domain Eukarya Kingdom Plantae Eukaryotic Multicellular
Autotrophic
Cell wall made of cellulose

51. Animalia Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Eukaryotic Multicellular
Heterotrophic (ingests food)
Movement by nerves & muscles