1. The Great War, 1914–1918 Marching Toward War Ch. 13 Section 1
In Europe, military buildup, nationalistic feelings, and rival alliances set the stage for a continental war.

2. Main Causes of World War I
The Rise of Nationalism
Imperialism
Militarism (arms race)
Alliance system
Assassination of the Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary

3. Rising Tensions in Europe
The Rise of Nationalism
Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s – Considered the century of peace
BUT, problems lie below surface
6 Nations were rivals for power in Europe – called the Great Powers
Germany, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy & Russia
Competed economically and for land
Nationalism in the Balkans leads many groups to demand independence
Alliances began to form

4. Map of Europe Pre-WWI

5. Rising Tensions in Europe
Imperialism
Competition for colonies stirs mistrust among European nations
Mutual animosity spurs European countries to
Militarism
European nations engaged in arms race
Militarism—policy of glorifying military power, preparing army
Increase competition and mistrust

6. Tangled Alliances Bismarck (Prussia) Forges Early Pacts
Otto von Bismarck unified Germany
Otto von Bismarck worked to keep peace in Europe after 1871
Believes France wants revenge for loss in 1870 Franco-Prussian War
Seeks to isolate the French with a series of treaties and alliances:
- signs treaty with Russia in 1881
- forms Triple Alliance—Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy—in 1882

7. Tangled Alliances Shifting Alliances Threaten Peace
Kaiser Wilhelm II become German ruler in 1888
Foreign policy changes begin in 1890 with dismissal of Bismarck
alliance with Russia dropped; Russia then allies with France
Created a possible two front war for Germany
- effort to strengthen German navy, which alarms Britain
• Britain, France, Russia form Triple Entente alliance in 1907

8. Crisis in the Balkans A Restless Region
Many groups in Balkans win independence during early 1900s from the Ottoman Empire
New nation of Serbia made up largely of Slavs
Austria-Hungary annexes Slavic region Bosnia and Herzegovina (1908)
Serbia outraged, sees itself as rightful ruler of these Slavic lands

9. Crisis in the Balkans A Shot Rings Throughout Europe
Serbian rebel kills Austro-Hungarian royal official (Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand and his wife) in June 1914
Austria declares war on Serbia; Russia comes to aid of Serbia (Stop)

10. Europe Plunges into War Ch. 13.2
One European nation after another is drawn into a large and industrialized war that results in many casualties.

11. The Great War Begins Armies on the March
Russia moves troops to its borders with Austria and Germany
Germany declares war on Russia, quickly attacks France
Great Britain declares war on Germany

12. The Great War Begins Nations Take Sides
By mid-August 1914, two sides at war throughout Europe:
- Central Powers—Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria (and other nations)
- Allies—Britain, France, Russia, Italy (and other nations); U. S. in 1917.

13. A Bloody Stalemate The Conflict Grinds Along
Schlieffen Plan—German plan to defeat France, then fight Russia
German army quickly advances to outskirts of Paris
Forced to retreat at First Battle of the Marne
Schlieffen Plan fails; Germany has to fight two-front war

14. A Bloody Stalemate War in the Trenches
Western Front—heavy battle zone in northern France
Conflict descends into trench warfare—armies fighting from trenches
Battles result in many deaths, small land gains
Life in trenches is miserable, difficult, unsanitary
New weapons only lead to more deaths
Massive losses for both sides at 1916 battles of Verdun and Somme

15. The Battle on the Eastern Front
Early Fighting
Eastern Front—site of main fighting along the German-Russian border
Russians push into Austria and Germany, but soon forced to retreat
Russia Struggles
Russia’s war effort suffering by 1916; many casualties, few supplies
Huge size of Russian army keeps it a formidable force
- prevents Germany from sending more troops to the Western Front (2 front war)

16. A Global Conflict
Chapter 13
Section 3

17. Main Idea
World War I spread to several continents and required the full resources of many governments.
The war propelled the United States to a new position of international power, which it holds today.

18. Introduction WWI was much more than a European conflict.
Australia and Japan entered the war on the Allies’ side.
India supplied troops to fight alongside their British rulers.
Ottoman Turks and Bulgaria allied themselves with Germany and Central Powers.
Countries were searching for other allies and new war fronts to tip the balance.

19. War Affects the World
Main combatants looked beyond Europe for a way to end the stalemate.
However, none of the alliances they formed or new battlefronts they opened did much to end the slow and grinding conflict.

20. America Joins the Fight
1917 – the focus of the war shifted to the high seas.
Germans intensified the submarine warfare that had raged in the Atlantic Ocean.
Germans announced their policy of unrestricted submarine warfare.
Their submarines would sink any ship without warning in the waters around Britain.
Germans used their submarines (U-boats) to stop supplies from reaching the Allies.

21. Lusitania
May 7, 1915 – German U-boat sunk the British passenger ship Lusitania.
1,198 dead
128 U.S. citizens
Germany claimed the ship was carrying ammunition.
True
American public = outraged
President Woodrow Wilson sent a strong protest to Germany.
After two more attacks, Germany agreed to stop attacking neutral or passenger ships.

22. A Flawed Peace
Chapter 13 Section 4

23. Treaty of Versailles—1918
Allied Leaders from 32 nations met in Paris, France to discuss the terms of peace.
The BIG FOUR made most of the decisions
David Lloyd George (PM of England)
Georges Clemenceau (Premier of France)
Vittorio Orlando (Premier of Italy)
Woodrow Wilson (President of the US)

24. David Lloyd George Prime Minister of England
A moderating influence on both the harsh demands of Georges Clemenceau and the idealistic proposals of Woodrow Wilson
To a large extent, shaped the final agreement
He later concluded that the treaty was a failure
Predicted that Europe would experience a renewed war within twenty years

25. Georges Clemenceau Premier of France
Georges Clemenceau wanted the destruction of Germany
His nickname was ‘The Tiger’ because of his aggressive nature.

26. Vittorio Orlando Premier of Italy
Clashed with Woodrow Wilson over Italy's territorial demands
The terms of the Versailles Peace Treaty undermined Orlando's position

27. Woodrow Wilson President of the United States
Supported the Versailles Treaty
Insisted that his Fourteen Points should serve as a basis for the US signing of the peace treaty
His ideas were considered idealistic

28. Provisions of the Treaty of Versailles
I .Germany surrendered areas under their control
A. In Germany
1. the Alsace-Lorraine region to France
2. the Saar Valley (coal mine region) to the League of Nations
3 minor border regions to Denmark and Belgium
4. Poland was created from parts of Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary