1. Forms of Business Ownership and Organization5
Chapter
Forms of Business Ownership and Organization

2. Learning Goals Distinguish between small and large businesses.
Discuss the contributions of small businesses to the economy.
Discuss the survival rate of small businesses.
Describe the features of an effective business plan.
Describe funding opportunities for small businesses, including the role of the Small Business Administration.
Explain how franchising can provide opportunities for both franchisors and franchisees. 1
Outline the three main legal forms of business ownership and summarize the features of businesses owned by employees and families, as well as not-for-profit organizations.
Describe public and collective (cooperative) business ownership.
Identify types of corporations and the levels of corporate management.
Describe mergers, acquisitions, and joint ventures. 7 2 3 8 4 9 5 10 6

3. Most Businesses are Small Businesses
90% of firms with employees have fewer than 20 people on staff.
98% have fewer than 100 employees
More than 20 million people in the United States earn business income without employees.
Almost ½ the sales in the United States are made by small businesses.
Small businesses generated 60%--80% of new jobs over the last decade.
Small businesses are a launching pad for entrepreneurs and encourage the prevalence of minorities.

4. What is Small Business?
The Small Business Administration defines a small business to be a firm that is independently owned and operated and is not dominant in the field.
Manufacturing business: fewer than 500 workers
Wholesalers: fewer than 100 workers
Retailers: less than $6 million in annual sales
Agricultural business: less than $750,000
Small businesses’ sizes range from $500,000 to $25 million in sales and from 100 to 1,500 employees.

5. Typical Small-Business Ventures

6. Major Industries Dominated by Small Businesses

7. Home-Based Businesses
52% of small businesses
16 million
Allows for more control of business
Allows for more control of personal time
Keeps start-up and operating expenses low
Owner can feel isolated and business has less visibility to customers

8. Contributions of Small Business
Create New Jobs
Account for 30% of U.S. Exports
Offer Customized Services
Create New Industries
Encourage Innovation

9. Small Business Failure
3 in 10 businesses close permanently within two years.
50% of businesses fail within five years.
By the 10-year mark, 82% of all small businesses have closed permanently.

10. Reasons Why Small Business Fail
Management Shortcomings
Inadequate Financing
Government Regulation

11. Increasing the Likelihood of Small Business Success
Creating a Business Plan
Written documentation that provides orderly statement of goals, methods, and purpose
Discusses the company’s mission and vision
Analyzes unique advantage, customers, and competition

12. Sources of Small Business Financing

13. Small Business Administration
Government agency concerned with helping small business firms
Financial Assistance
Loan Guarantees
Microloans
Small Business Investment Companies (SBICs)
Active Capital: SBA Loans

14. Other Specialized Assistance
Set-Aside Programs
Government Contracts (over 23%)
5% for women and minorities
Assistance in Financing Government Procurement
Business Incubators
Local community initiatives to share resources for small start-ups
SCORE: Counselors to America’s Small Business
Small Business Development Centers (SBDC)

15. Opportunities for Women & Minorities
More than 40% of U.S. businesses are owned by women (10 million businesses)
The number of businesses owned by minorities outpaced the growth in the number of U.S. businesses overall.
Women and minorities still face challenges:
Smaller-scale operations
Challenges finding investors
Access to capital

16. Minority-Owned Businesses

17. The Franchising Alternative
A contractual business agreement between a manufacturer or another supplier and a dealer to produce and market the supplier’s good or service.
Links to franchising opportunities:
Subway
Entrepreneur

18. The Franchising Agreement
Franchising agreements exist between franchisee and franchisor.
50% of all retail sales
760,000 businesses
18 million jobs
$500 billion in payroll
Near $2 trillion in sales
New franchise opens every 8 minutes
Franchising overseas is a growing trend

19. Benefits and Problems of Franchising
ADVANTAGES
Prior Performance Record
Recognizable Company Name (Brand)
Proven Business Model
Tested Management Program
Savings through Volume Purchases
DISADVANTAGES
Franchise Fees
Future Payments (Royalties)
Linked to Reputation and Management
Franchise Agreement Restrictions
Tight Control

20. Alternatives for Organizing a Business

21. Forms of Private Ownership

22. Legal Structures to Meet Changing Needs
Financial Situation
Management Skills and Limitations
Management Styles and Capabilities
Exposure to Liability

23. Types of Corporations Domestic, foreign, alien S Corporation
Limited Liability Companies
Employee-Owned Corporations
Not-for-Profit Corporations

24. Public and Collective Ownership
Public ownership – a unit or agency of government owns and operates an organization. Parking structures, water systems, turnpike authority.
Customer-Owned Businesses – collective ownership of a production, storage, transportation or marketing organization is a cooperative.

25. Corporate Management
Stockholders – acquire stocks in exchange for ownership
Preferred Stock
Common Stock
Board of Directors – elected by stockholders to oversee corporation
Corporate Officers & Management – make major corporate decisions and handle ongoing operations

26. When Businesses Join Forces
Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A)
Merger – combination of two or more firms to form one company
Vertical
Horizontal
Conglomerate
Acquisition – procedure in which one firm purchases the property and assumes the obligations of another
Joint Venture – partnership between companies for a specific purpose