1. Reforming American Society
Chapter 8

2. Key Ideas

3. The Second “Spiritual Reform From Within” [Religious Revivalism]
Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality

4. The Rise of Popular Religion
In France, I had almost always seen the spirit of religion and the spirit of freedom pursuing courses diametrically opposed to each other; but in America, I found that they were intimately united, and that they reigned in common over the same country… Religion was the foremost of the political institutions of the United States.
-- Alexis de Tocqueville, 1832

5. “soul-shaking” conversion
Charles G. Finney (1792 – 1875)
The ranges of tents, the fires, reflecting light…; the candles and lamps illuminating the encampment; hundreds moving to and fro…;the preaching, praying, singing, and shouting,… like the sound of many waters, was enough to swallow up all the powers of contemplation.
“soul-shaking” conversion
Converted had a duty to spread the word about personal salvation 

6. Second Great Awakening Revival Meeting

7. “The Benevolent Empire” 1825 - 1846

8. Second Great Awakening
Rejection of Calvinist idea of predestination

9. Transcendentalism Philosophical and literary movement Emphasized
“Transcend” the limits of intellect and allow the emotions, the SOUL, to create an original relationship with the Universe

10. Transcendentalist Thinking
Man must acknowledge a body of that were intuitive and must TRANSCEND more sensational proof:
The infinite benevolence
The

11. Resistance to Civil Disobedience (1849) “The American Scholar” (1837)
Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers Concord, MA
Nature (1832)
Resistance to Civil Disobedience (1849)
Self-Reliance (1841)
Walden (1854)
“The American Scholar” (1837)

12. The Transcendentalist Agenda
Give

13. A Transcendentalist Critic: Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)
Their pursuit of the ideal led to a distorted view of human nature and possibilities: * The Blithedale Romance
One should accept the world as an imperfect place: * Scarlet Letter * House of the Seven Gables

14. Abolitionist Movement
Both the and the led to the Abolitionist Movement
How to end slavery?
Gradualists
Immediatists

15. Abolitionist Movement
Until 1820s most abolitionists advocated resettlement
created
Member certificate to American Colonization Society
“Here I have dwelt until I am nearly sixty years of age, and have brought up and educated a family…Yet some ingenious gentlemen have recently discovered that I am still an African; that a continent three thousand miles, and more, from the place where I was born, is my native country. And I am advised to go home…Perhaps if I should only be set on the shore of that distant land, I should recognize all I might see there, and run at once to the old hut where my forefathers lived a hundred years ago.”

16. Anti-Slavery Alphabet

17. William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879)
Massachusetts newspaper editor
Slavery was a moral, not an economic issue
Founded in 1831

18. Premiere issue - January 1, 1831
The Liberator
Premiere issue - January 1, 1831

19. The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All Villanies!

20. Other White Abolitionists
Lewis Tappan
James Birney
Liberty Party
Ran for President in & 1844
Arthur Tappan

21. Black Abolitionists David Walker (1785-1830)
1829  Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World
Fight for freedom rather than wait to be set free by whites

22. Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)
1845  The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass
1847  published

23. Sojourner Truth (1787-1883) or Isabella Baumfree
1850  The Narrative of Sojourner Truth

24. (1820-1913) “Moses” Helped over 300 slaves to freedom
$40,000 bounty on her head
Served as a Union spy during the Civil War
“Moses”

25. The Underground Railroad

26. The Underground Railroad
“Conductor” ==== leader of the escape
“Passengers” ==== escaping slaves
“Tracks” ==== routes
“Trains” ==== farm wagons transporting the escaping slaves
“Depots” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep

27. Turner’s Rebellion Led by Nat Turner Virginia
55-65 whites killed in the revolt
200+ blacks killed
56 executed (including Turner)
killed by militias and mobs
Results:

29. Slave Owners Defend Slavery
Ex. Servants should obey their masters
Slaves benefited from Christianity
Greece, Rome, Egypt
Paternalism of slaveowner
Compared to “wage slaves” in the North
“ ” not just a “necessary evil”
“ ”
In response to numerous abolitionist petitions, Congress was prevented from discussing slavery

30. Penitentiary Reform Dorothea Dix
( )
1821  first penitentiary founded in Auburn, NY
R1-5/7

31. Dorothea Dix Asylum

32. 1826 - American Temperance Society “Demon Rum”!
Temperance Movement
American Temperance Society “Demon Rum”!
Frances Willard
The Beecher Family
R1-6

33. Annual Consumption of Alcohol

34. From the first glass to the grave, 1846
“The Drunkard’s Progress”
From the first glass to the grave, 1846

35. Religious Training  Secular Education
Educational Reform
Religious Training  Secular Education
MA  always on the forefront of public educational reform * 1st state to establish tax support for local public schools.
By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites * US had one of the highest literacy rates.

36. Horace Mann ( )
“Father of
American Education”
children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officials
children should be “molded” into a state of perfection
discouraged corporal punishment
established state teacher- training programs
R3-6

37. The McGuffey Eclectic Readers
Used religious parables to teach “American values”
Teach middle class morality and respect for order
Teach “3 Rs” + “Protestant ethic” (frugality, hard work, sobriety)
R3-8

38. Early 19c Women
Property
Single 
Married 

39. Women Educators 1831 1837 1834 Troy, NY Female Seminary
Curriculum: math, physics, history, geography
Train female teachers
1831
Opened school for girls
1834
Opened school for African-American girls
Emma Willard ( )
1837
Mt. Holyoke (College)
first college for women
Prudence Crandall ( )
Mary Lyons ( )

40. “ ” Concept
“ ”
A woman’s “sphere” was in the home (it was a refuge from the cruel world outside)
Her role was to “civilize” her husband and family
An 1830s MA minister:
The power of woman is her dependence. A woman who gives up that dependence on man to become a reformer yields the power God has given her for her protection, and her character becomes unnatural!

41. Cult of Domesticity = The inspired women to improve society
Lucy Stone
Angelina Grimké
Sarah Grimké
American Women’s Suffrage Assoc.
Edited Woman’s Journal
Southern Abolitionists
Ran a school for females

42. Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Women’s Rights
1840  split in the abolitionist movement over women’s role in it
London  World Anti-Slavery Convention
female delegates denied right to attend convention
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Lucretia Mott
1848 

43. Seneca Falls Declaration

44. What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own Way!

45. Industry Changes Work
Production moved from to
and artisans 

46. Farm to Factory
Lowell workforce  almost entirely unmarried farm girls
90% of workers in 1828
80% under age 30
1834 first strike at Lowell
15% pay cut
Spindles and looms had been tripled, but workers only increased 50%
Workers returned, leaders fired
1836 second strike at Lowell
Boarding rates increased = 12.5% pay cut
Twice as many women went on strike
Company fired leaders
Most workers then returned to jobs

47. Workers Seek Better Conditions
1830s and 1840s
1-2% of workers were unionized
Dozens of strikes
Usually for higher wages/shorter workdays
Workers usually lost
Strikebreakers hired
Usually immigrants who had fled even greater poverty

48. Immigration 1830-1860 dramatic increase in immigration
Largest groups were
 Midwest
 eastern cities
Faced discrimination