1. Area Wide Pest Management Programmes and Trade
Christina Devorshak, Ph.D.
USDA-APHIS-PPQ
Center for Plant Health Science and Technology
Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory
Raleigh, NC, USA

2. Factors affecting AWPM
Biological characteristics
Environmental characteristics
Economic considerations
Socio-political considerations

3. Potential benefits Increased food security Increased productivity
Increased quality
Reduced pesticide use
Reduced impacts on environment
Reduced costs over time
Potential trade opportunities

4. IPM and Trade Pesticide residues = SPS measure
Pest management / quarantine issues
TBT measures
measures related to quality (process and production methods), excluding measures for health protection
“green” production
GAP
Organic?
some labeling practices

5. Other trade considerations
Montreal Protocol-reduction in ozone depleting substances
Exemptions for quarantine use of methyl bromide
Reduced availability of methyl bromide
Reduced pesticide residues in food
Lower maximum residue limits
Reduced use of certain pesticides in the field
Rethinking “Probit 9” security for phytosanitary treatments

6. Implications for AWPM
Need for exploring alternative phytosanitary measures
Potential for more systems approaches
AWPM could play an increasingly important role

7. Implications for AWPM
Successful AWPM can lead to enhanced trade opportunities
Chile
South Africa
Australia
Brazil
Mexico
Others….
Mostly targeted to fruit flies

8. Implications for AWPM Not all pests will be suitable for AWPM
Significant commitment of resources
Time, experts, money
Programmes may last many years
Eradication of Medfly in California (1970s)
cost over US$ 300 million
Continued costs for prevention, survey and detection
Benefits and costs must be weighed

9. What factors should you consider
in deciding to undertake an
area wide pest management
programme (in the context of trade)?

10. IPPC and AWPM Systems to establish and maintain freedom
Establish principle of equivalence
Elaboration of the principle of managed risk
Defining and describing risk analysis
Identifying key elements of surveillance
Identifying situations that enhance success

11. In IPPC terms, we look at:
PEST:
Any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal or pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant products
QUARANTINE PEST
A pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled

12. AWPM and Standards Harmonization
When AWPM meets IPPC standards, recognition by importing countries
Reduced phytosanitary requirements for exporting countries

13. AWPM and Standards PRA standards (3)
Pest free area / low pest prevalence standards (4)
Guidelines for Pest Eradication Programmes
Guidelines for Surveillance
Code of Conduct for the Import and Release of Exotic Biological Control Agents (revised)

14. AWPM and Standards Scientific and Technical Guidance
Methods for surveillance
Gathering and analyzing technical and scientific information
Risk mitigation
Eradication / pest free areas
How to develop programmes
Operational considerations
Recognition of PFAs

15. Irradiation as a phytosanitary measure
Products treated with ionizing radiation, not radioactive….
Levels used are 10X-several 100X lower than required for food safety purposes
Endpoint can be sterility, not mortality
Highly effective for many dipteran, lepidopteran and coleopteran pests
Not widely accepted in international trade

16. Biological control agents
Originally excluded SIT
Based on definition of “biological control agent”
Revision to include SIT
Elements of risk analysis included in decision making

17. Guidelines for pest eradication programmes
scientific
information
surveillance
technical
cost-benefit
analysis
pathways
damage
PEST
ERADICATION
PROGRAM
FEASIBILITY

18. RISK MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
ISPM No. 6 Requirements for the establishment of pest free areas
ISPM No. 8 Requirements for
the establishment of pest free
places of production and pest
free production sites
RISK MANAGEMENT
OPTIONS
pest records
surveillance

19. Risk analysis ISPMs
ISPM # 2: Guidelines for pest risk analysis (under revision)
ISPM # 11: Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests including analysis of environmental risks and living modified organisms
ISPM # 14: The use of integrated measures in a systems approach for pest risk management
ISPM #5: Glossary of phytosanitary terms
others

20. The probability of an adverse
Risk: What is it?
The probability of an adverse
event and the magnitude of the consequences…

21. RISK RISK = Hazard x Probability x Consequences
Risk is EVERYWHERE so we must:
Understand it;
Live with it;
Reduce it;
Manage it.
If your decisions don’t include risk analysis (even informal), are you making informed decisions?

22. Risk analysis What can happen? What are we worried about? (Assessment)
How likely is it to happen? (Assessment)
How bad will it be? (Assessment)
What can we do about it? (Management)
Let’s talk about it. (Communication)

23. So, What is Risk Analysis?
A systematic way of gathering, evaluating, and recording information leading to recommendations for a position or action in response to an identified hazard

24. Risk Analysis should: Identify hazards Characterize risks
Recognize uncertainty
Summarize conclusions
Recommend options
Document the basis for decisions

25. Risk Assessment Questions
What information is available?
What is the quantity and quality of information?
What is the probability?
What is the magnitude of the consequences (if I do nothing)?
Should something be done?

26. Risk Management Questions
What can be done to eliminate or reduce the hazard?
How effective are the options?
How feasible are the options?
What impacts do the options have?
What is the level and type of uncertainty?
What is the best option?

27. PRA and the IPPC
“-the process of evaluating biological or other scientific and economic evidence to determine whether a pest should be regulated and the strength of any phytosanitary measures to be taken against it.”

28. Stages of PRA Initiation Risk Assessment Risk Management Transparency
probability
consequences
Risk Management
Transparency
uncertainty

29. Initiation Pest-initiated Pathway
detection (interception or incursion)
research or biological control
Pathway
commodity evaluation
other regulated article
policy review or change

30. Elements of Risk Assessment
Probability
With pathway
Escapes detection
Survives transit
Favorable location
Overcomes resistance
Able to reproduce and spread
Consequences
Direct economic
Indirect economic
Environmental
Other:
Political
Social
aesthetic

31. Pest Risk Management
Treatments? (hot, cold, fumigation, irradiation, others) See
Timing / port of entry
Pest free areas
Areas of low pest prevalence
Certification programmes
Restrictions on use / release
Eliminate higher risk elements (soil, leaves, etc.)
Systems approaches

32. Systems Approaches “Integrated measures for pest risk management”
Used where single measures do not reduce risk sufficiently
Pre-planting Post-harvest
Pre-harvest Transport and distribution
Harvest

33. Describe the concern which has generated the need.
Initiation
Identify
hazard(s)
Estimate the
likelihood of
occurence
Estimate the magnitude
of the consequences
Develop conclusions
and describe
uncertainty
Describe the concern which has generated the need.
Understand the background and expectations.
Risk Assessment
Mitigation
requires
assessment
Risk
requires
mitigation
Risk Management
Develop recommendations
and describe uncertainty
Evaluate mitigation options for:
-Efficacy
-Feasability
-Impacts
Identify mitigation
options
Decisionmaking
Evaluate recommendations
against current environment
and values to select an option.

34. Important Linkages
Policy makers
Regulators
Researchers
Industry
Private sector
Others?

35. PRA and Trade Justify protection measures Evaluate other’s measures
Determine appropriate national strategies
Area wide pest management
Eradication programmes (or suppression?)

36. Conclusions—AWPM and Trade
Enhanced trade opportunities may provide impetus for AWPM programmes
Decision to undertake such programmes should fully consider factors:
Biological
Environmental
Socio-political
Economic
Experience with past programmes

37. Conclusions—AWPM and Trade
Need for awareness
Role of standards
Official recognition of:
Pest free areas
Areas of low pest prevalence
Technical and scientific guidance available in standards
All countries should actively participate in standards process
Proposals and priorities for new standards

38. Conclusions—AWPM and Trade
Greater awareness
Researchers / scientists
Political / social / economic factors
Trade related concerns including regulatory requirements
Regulators
Forward thinking
Consider and accept alternative phytosanitary measures
Incorporate scientific advances into regulatory decisionmaking

39. Take home message
AWPM and SIT programmes may be affected by and have effects on international trade
Int’l trade governed by internationally agreed terms (e.g. STANDARDS)
Risk analysis is the scientific and technical basis for standards
Risk analysis (including risk management) is an integral part of sound decision-making