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Difficult Topics Explained
AP Psychology Mrs. Amy Ramponi Kimberly High School Kimberly, WI
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Psychology’s Subtypes
Industrial-Organizational Psychology Human Factors Psychology Clinical Psychology Psychiatrists Experimental Social Counseling
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Standard Deviation
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Experiments Dependent Variable Independent Variable Control Group
Experimental Group Random Assignment Confounding Variables Statistical Significance
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Biological Basis Neuron Neural Communication Action Potential
Resting Potential Refractory Period All-or-nothing Sodium Potassium Pump Reuptake Synapse Neurotransmitters Dopamine, Serotonin, Endorphins, ACh,
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Nervous System
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Brain & Brain Structures
Cerebral Cortex Lobes of the Brain Corti of the Brain Broca’s Area Wernicke’s Area Limbic System Amygdala, Hippocampus, Hypothalamus Brainstem Medulla, Pons, RAS/Reticular Formation, Cerebellum Corpus Callosum Thalamus
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Heritability The extent to which the DIFFERENCE among individuals can be attributed to genes. Highly heritable traits: Height, IQ Low heritability: skin cancer, certain types of diabetes Fun Fact: Having two eyes has 0 heritability. Essentially, everyone is born with two eyes.
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Sensation & Perception
Top Down (Perception) Cognition-fueled Bottom Up (Sensation) Biological Vision Taste/Gustation Smell/Olfaction Vestibular Kinesthetic Touch Pain
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Linear Perspective (NOT CONVERGENCE)
Monocular Depth Cues Linear Perspective (NOT CONVERGENCE) Interposition Relative Height/Height in Plane Light and Shadow Texture Gradient Relative Size Relative Motion/Motion Parallax Motion parallax, Height in plane = relative height
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Memory
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Memory Long Term Memories Declarative/Explicit
Semantic Memory - general facts, not personal Episodic - personal, biographical events Flashbulb (autobiographical memory) Prospective Memory - memory for a future event Implicit/Non-declarative Procedural - how to do something
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Interference (to Memory)
Proactive (old interferes with new) Retroactive (new interferes with old) P.O.R.N.
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Types of Amnesia Dissociative/Psychogenic amnesia Anterograde amnesia
Retrograde amnesia Infantile amnesia
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Defense Mechanisms Repression Regression Sublimation Denial
Reaction Formation Displacement Projection Rationalization
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Assimilation, Accommodation, and Schema
Piaget’s Cognitive Development Schema: Mental Framework Assimilation: Putting new information into the SAME SCHEMA or an old schema Accommodation: Putting information into a NEW SCHEMA (note: not accommodation of the lens)
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Cognition DTE Availability Heuristic vs. Representative Heuristic
Deductive Reasoning vs. Inductive Reasoning Convergent vs. Divergent Thinking Linguistic Determinism
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Theories of Emotion 2 Factor James-Lange Cannon-Bard
JL - Jump & Label CB - Cymbals bash at the SAME TIME SS2F - what you think about the physical arousal
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Hypnosis Theories Role Theory
Theorize that hypnosis is not an alternate state of consciousness at all. People who are easily hypnotized have richer fantasy lives and follow directions well. State Theory Hypnosis meets some parts of the definitions for an altered state of consciousness. Divided Consciousness - Hypnosis involves dissociation, a split in consciousness in which one part of the mind operates independently of the rest of consciousness. Hidden observer Ernest Hilgard
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Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) - unlearned Unconditioned Response (UCR) - reflexive response Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - previously neutral, paired with UCS Conditioned Response (CR) - learned response to CS
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Damn You, B.F. Skinner Behaviorism
Punishment vs. Reinforcement : Increase vs. Stop Negative Reinforcement is not PUNISHMENT Schedules of Reinforcement FR FI VR VI
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The “Self” Self-Efficacy (belief in yourself & your ability)
Self-Esteem (subjective judgement on oneself and worth) Self Actualization (Maslow, desire for fulfillment and to achieve ) Self-Concept (constructed views a person holds about them self) Self-Disclosure (in relationships, opening up to another fully) Self-fulfilling prophecy (a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true) Self-reference effect (encoding information about you allows you to recall better) Self-serving bias (success - all you, defeat - someone else’s fault)
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