1. The Endocrine System
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2. Objectives After this Module the learner will be able to:
Understand the components of the Endocrine System
Understand how those components work together as a unit

3. What is the Endocrine System?
The Endocrine System is a body system of glands that secrete chemical messages to be transferred to organs throughout the body.
This system is a link between the brain and the organs that control the body (i.e. Mood, Metabolism, Growth & Development, and Reproduction)

4. Click the movie icon below to watch a video about the Endocrine System
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland (hypothalamus)
Thyroid gland
Thymus
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovary
Testes
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References

5. Pineal gland (a.k.a. Hypothalamus)
Located in the lower central part of the brain
Direct link between the endocrine system and the nervous system
The pineal gland secretes hormones which either suppress or stimulate the secretions from the pituitary gland

6. Pituitary gland MOST IMPORTANT PART OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ! ! !
Secretes multiple hormones which control the rest of the glands in the endocrine system
Influenced by factors including emotions and seasonal changes
How does it work

7. The Relay of Information
Brain senses sunlight
Pineal gland detects Brain Message
Pituitary Gland senses hormones form Pineal gland
Pituitary gland sends hormonal messages out to the body

8. Pituitary gland (continued)
Produces endorphins which work with the nervous system to reduce sensitivity to pain
Produces sex hormones which signal the testes and ovaries to make sex hormones
Controls the ovulation and menstrual cycles in women
Divided into two parts
1) Anterior lobe
2) Posterior lobe

9. Anterior Lobe
The purpose for the anterior lobe is to regulate the processes of thyroid, adrenal, and reproductive glands.
It produces four main hormones
Growth Hormone- Bone and tissue development.
Prolactin- Activates milk production in women that are breast feeding.
Thyrotropin- Stimulates thyroid to produce thyroid hormones.
Corticotropin- Stimulates adrenal gland to produce hormones.

10. Posterior Lobe
Produces antidiuretic hormones which control the water balance in our bodies. (i.e. urine and kidney output)
Produces oxytocin which helps control uterine contractions during the female labor.

11. Thyroid gland Produces the hormones thyroxine & triiodothyronine
These hormones control the rate that the body burns fuel to produce energy
Also help control bone, brain, and nervous system development
Attached to the thyroid are four smaller glands called the parathyroid. These glands produce two hormones.
Parathyroid- Regulates calcium levels in the blood
Calcitonin- Helps the parathyroid hormone

12. Thymus IMPORTANT TO THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ! ! !
Produces lymphocytes which mature into T cells
T Cells help fight against infection.

13. Thymus (drawing) Image Source:

14. Adrenal gland
Each person contains two of these, One located on top of each kidney
Made up of two parts
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla

15. Adrenal Cortex
Produces hormones called Orticosteroids which regulate salt and water balance in the body, the body's response to stress, metabolism, the immune system, and sexual development and function.

16. Adrenal Medulla
Produces catecholamines; such as epinephrine, which is better known as adrenaline
Injections of epinephrine are used for severe allergic reactions. (i.e. epipen)

17. Pancreas Produces two important hormones
Insulin
Glucagon
Both hormones work together to make sure the body maintains the right amount of sugar (glucose) in the blood.

18. Pancreas (drawing) Image Source:

19. Ovaries Produce two main hormones
Estrogen- involved in the development of female sexual features, pregnancy, and regulation of menstrual cycle
Progesterone- involved in pregnancy and the regulation of the menstrual cycle.

20. Testes
Produce hormones called androgens the most important being testosterone; These hormones regulate body changes associated with sexual development
Along with hormones from the pituitary gland, testosterone also aids the production of sperm by the testes.

21. The Endocrine System Video Source:

22. References
endocrine system, human. [Video]. Retrieved October 10, 2010, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online:
Miller, K. R., & Levine, J. S. (2002). Biology Prentice Hall