1. Bellringer: (packet page 7)
Monday December 3
2012
Bellringer: (packet page 7)
What are the two types of malnutrition?
Which one is more lethal?
Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM)
Micronutrient Deficiency
Word of the Day: malnutrition: a general term that indicates a lack of some or all nutritional elements necessary for human health
PEM
Agenda:
Bell-ringer
Share your Upcycling Projects!
Begin lecture: Controversies in Agriculture
Homework Change: read article online (Google site) and fill in the chart on 10 reasons to avoid GMOs

2. Agriculture Conflicts& Controversies
Chapter 12

3. Controversies in Agriculture
Genetically Modified Foods
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations
Aquaculture
Effects of Pesticides

4. 1. Genetically Modified Organisms

5. Rainbow Cauliflower in Europe via cross-breeding NOT a GMO
Crossbreeding and Genetic Engineering Can Produce New Crop Varieties (1)
Gene Revolution
Cross-breeding through artificial selection
Slow process
Requires genetic similarity
Genetic engineering
Genetic modified organisms (GMOs): transgenic organisms
Rainbow Cauliflower in Europe via cross-breeding NOT a GMO 5

6. Crossbreeding and Genetic Engineering Can Produce New Crop Varieties (2)
Age of Genetic Engineering: developing crops that are resistant to
Heat and cold
Herbicides
Insect pests
Parasites
Viral diseases
Drought
Salty or acidic soil
Nematoad resistant bell pepper 6

7. Advanced tissue culture techniques

8. The fish “winter flounder” possesses a gene nicknamed the anti-freeze gene. This gene was isolated and inserted into tomatoes, so they could survive a frost during their growing season.

10. Core Case Study: Grains of Hope or an Illusion?
Vitamin A deficiency in some developing countries leads to
Blindness
Death
1999: Porrykus and Beyer
Genetically engineered rice with beta-carotene and more iron 10

11. Golden Rice: Genetically Engineered Strain of Rice Containing Beta-Carotene11

12. TRADE-OFFS Genetically Modified Crops and Foods Projected Advantages
Projected Disadvantages
Irreversible and unpredictable genetic and ecological effects
Need less fertilizer
Need less water
More resistant to insects, disease, frost, and drought
Harmful toxins in food from possible plant cell mutations
Grow faster
New allergens in food
Can grow in slightly salty soils
Lower nutrition
Figure 12.16
Projected advantages and disadvantages of genetically modified crops and foods. Question: Which two advantages and which two disadvantages do you think are the most important? Why?
Increase in pesticide- resistant insects, herbicide- resistant weeds, and plant diseases
May need less pesticides
Tolerate higher levels of herbicides
Can harm beneficial insects
Higher yields
Less spoilage
Lower genetic diversity
Fig , p. 291

13. 2. Concentrated/Confined Animal Feeding Operations

14. Meat Production and Consumption Have Grown Steadily
Increase in meat production 4x from 1961 to 2007
Expected to double by 2050
More people eating meat as other nations develop
Increased meat production = more grain diverted to feedlots
Animals are fed primarily grain (corn) and fish
More nations will need to import grain to feed the country and the livestock

15. Efficiency of Converting Grain into Animal Protein

16. TRADE-OFFS Animal Feedlots Advantages Disadvantages
Increased meat production
Large inputs of grain, fish meal, water, and fossil fuels
Higher profits
Greenhouse gas (CO2 and CH4) emissions
Less land use
Reduced overgrazing
Concentration of animal wastes that can pollute water
Figure 12.17
Advantages and disadvantages of animal feedlots. Question: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why?
Reduced soil erosion
Use of antibiotics can increase genetic resistance to microbes in humans
Protection of biodiversity
Fig , p. 292

17. Industrialized Meat Production

18. 3. Aquaculture

19. World Fish Catch, Including Both Wild Catch and Aquaculture

20. Fish and Shellfish Production Have Increased Dramatically
Aquaculture, blue revolution
World’s fastest-growing type of food production
Dominated by operations that raise herbivorous species
Polyaquaculture
Incorporating crops and aquaculture: rice, phytoplankton, carp
Uses grain for feed

21. TRADE-OFFS Aquaculture Advantages Disadvantages High efficiency
Needs large inputs of land, feed, and water
High yield in small volume of water
Large waste output
Can destroy mangrove forests and estuaries
Can reduce overharvesting of fisheries
Figure 12.18
Advantages and disadvantages of aquaculture. Question: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why?
Uses grain to feed some species
Low fuel use
Dense populations vulnerable to disease
High profits
Fig , p. 293

22. 4. Pesticides

23. Nature Controls the Populations of Most Pests
What is a pest?
Natural enemies—predators, parasites, disease organisms—control pests
In natural ecosystems
In many polyculture agroecosystems
What will happen if we kill the pests?

24. Natural Capital: Spiders are Important Insect Predators

25. We Use Pesticides to Try to Control Pest Populations (1)
Insecticides
Herbicides
Fungicides
Rodenticides
Study: Pesticide use has not reduced U.S. crop loss to pests
Loss of crops is about 31%, even with 33-fold increase in pesticide use

26. Trade-Offs: Conventional Chemical Pesticides