1. Piracy
Jefferson sends a small fleet of warships to the Mediterranean sea to protect American shipping.
The war went on for 2 years when American ships began bombarding Tripoli with cannons.
1 year later Tripoli signed a peace treaty with the U.S.
- Tripoli agreed to stop demanding tribute (bribery) payments.

2. Embargo Act of 1807
Jefferson tried to convince Britain and France to leave U.S. ships alone.
Between Britain took 1,000 U.S. ships and France took 500.
When talking with Britain and France failed, Jefferson chose the isolationist approach of cutting off all trade with other nations. This was known as the Embargo Act of 1807.
An embargo is a government order that stops merchant ships from leaving and entering a country’s ports.

3. Embargo Act of 1807
Under the Embargo Act of 1807, no foreign ships could enter U.S. ports, and no American ships could leave, except to trade at other U.S. ports.
Jefferson hoped that stopping trade would hurt France and Britain so much that they would both agree to leave American ships alone.

4. The Embargo Fails
The embargo proved more painful to Americans than to anyone in Europe.
Around 55,000 sailors lost their jobs while their ships lay deserted in docks, unable to trade with the outside world.
In 1809, Congress repealed the Embargo Act. American ships returned to the open seas, and French and British warships continued to attack them.

5. James Madison
What should Madison do to protect sailors and settlers?

6. Problems with Britain Under James Madison
As Britain continued to seize American ships and impress American sailors, the U.S. would face another problem.
There was also evidence that Britain was supplying Native Americans with guns that they then used to fight and kill American settlers.
Many Americans were outraged and called for another war against Britain.

7. As American settlers moved into the Ohio and Mississippi Valley and pushed Indians off the land, they fought in the battle of Tippecanoe Creek.
American soldiers discovered that the Indians were armed with British guns.

8. Solution: What Happened?
Madison declares war on Britain in 1812 and chooses to abandon Isolationism!

9. War Hawks War Hawks were Americans who wanted war with Britain.
They were often from the South and the West.
They hoped that the war would stop the British from arming Native Americans who fought settlers moving into their lands.
They also hoped to make Canada (which was still part of Britain) part of the U.S. by invading and seizing it.

10. At this time, America had an army of only 7,000 poorly trained men and a navy of only 16 ships.
Both sides found the war to be harder than expected.
War of 1812

11. War of 1812
American forces crossed into Canada three times and each time they were forced back.
In August 1814, the British army invaded Washington, D.C.

12. The British burned several public buildings, including the Capitol and the White House.
President Madison had to flee for his life.

13. The Shelling of Fort McHenry

14. The Star-Spangled Banner
After capturing Washington, D.C., the British attacked the port city of Baltimore, which was protected by Fort McHenry.
American lawyer Francis Scott Key watched as the British bombarded Forth McHenry on September 13, 1814.
The bombardment lasted all night and the next morning Key was thrilled to see the American flag still waving over the fort.
It inspired him to write “The Star-Spangled Banner,” which later became our national anthem.

15. Battle of New Orleans
One of the greatest American victories during the war was the Battle of New Orleans.
General Andrew Jackson’s men killed or wounded about 2,000 British soldiers, while only about 20 American soldiers were killed or wounded.
The victory made Jackson a war hero, which would later aid him when he ran for presidency.

16. General Jackson leading his men into battle

17. The End of the War of 1812
Although both sides claimed victory, neither Britain nor the U.S. really won the War of 1812.
The Treaty of Ghent, which ended the war, settled none of the issues that had led to the fighting.
Instead, the problems of impressment and ship seizures faded away as peace settled over Europe.

18. As you recall, Spain claimed much of the land in North and South America (shown here in green).
Latin Americans within these Spanish colonies were inspired by America’s war of independence from Great Britain.
One by one, Latin American nations would rise up against Spain and gain their independence.

19. 1811- Paraguay
1816- Argentina
1818- Chile
1819- Colombia
1821- Mexico
Venezuela
1822- Ecuador
1823- United Provinces of Central America
1824- Peru
1825- Bolivia
1828- Uruguay

20. What should President Monroe do to support the New Latin American Nations?

21. Ensuring Independence
Americans were excited about the newly independent nations in Latin America.
Britain was also pleased because Spain had previously not allowed it to trade with its colonies, now it could.
However, other European countries were not so pleased and began to talk of helping Spain recover its lost colonies.

22. Britain & the United States Join Forces in Support of Latin America
In 1823, Britain asked the U.S. to join it in sending a message to the leaders of Europe who sought to retake Latin America, telling them to leave Latin America alone.
President James Monroe asked former presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Madison for advice.
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison

23. Solution: What Happened?
The U.S. issues the Monroe Doctrine

24. The Monroe Doctrine
President Monroe issues what becomes known as the Monroe Doctrine.
The Monroe Doctrine was a warning for European nations to keep their hands off North and South America. It carried with it the hidden message that the U.S. was no longer a weak collection of states, but a strong and confident nation that should be respected by the world.