1. Contrast 1

2. Semester Project
Ch. 12 has detailed instructions
Follow them 2

3. How can you find phonemes?
You are working with a language
It has the phones [l] [ɫ] and [ɬ]
Lateral approximant
Lateral fricative
Lateral velarized 3

4. How can you find phonemes?
Do 3 laterals belong to same of different phonemes? 4

5. How can you find phonemes?
Do 3 laterals belong to same of different phonemes?
If there are minimals pairs there is contrast, the phones belong to different phonemes 5

6. Minimal Pair 2 criteria 2 words that are same except in one phone
Exchanging the phones makes the meaning change 6

7. Minimal Pair
English
[laɪk] vs. [ɫaɪk] 7

8. Minimal Pair English [laɪk] vs. [ɫaɪk] Identical except in one sound?8

9. Minimal Pair English [laɪk] vs. [ɫaɪk]
Identical except in one sound? yes 9

10. Minimal Pair English [laɪk] vs. [ɫaɪk]
Identical except in one sound? Yes
Exchanging the sounds changes meaning? 10

11. Minimal Pair English [laɪk] vs. [ɫaɪk]
Identical except in one sound? Yes
Exchanging the sounds changes meaning? No 11

12. Minimal Pair [laɪk] and [ɫaɪk] not minimal pair
So [l] and [ɫ] are allophones of the same phoneme
/l/---[l] \
[ɫ] 12

13. Minimal Pair
In language X [lip] and [ɫip] mean different things 13

14. Minimal Pair In language X [lip] and [ɫip] mean different things
They are not a minimal pair
So [l] and [ɫ] are allophones of different phonemes
/l/---[l]
/ɫ/---[ɫ] 14

15. Minimal Pair
In English find minimal pairs for
[z] and [s] 15

16. Minimal Pair In English find minimal pairs for [z] and [s] [d] and [ð]16

17. Minimal Pair In English find minimal pairs for [z] and [s] [d] and [ð]
[n] and [ŋ] 17

18. Minimal Pair In English find minimal pairs for [z] and [s] [d] and [ð]
[n] and [ŋ]
‘fang’ ‘feign’
‘sing’ ‘seen’ 18

19. Minimal Pair
In English find minimal pairs for
[z] and [ʒ] 19

20. Minimal Pair In English find minimal pairs for [z] and [ʒ]
‘Caesar’ ‘seizure’
‘closer’ closure’ 20

21. English Consonants
Where are [ʔ, ɱ, th]?
They exist in English 21

22. English Consonants We compare similar sounds to find minimal pairs
Comparing distant sounds results in Batman in NYC and Spiderman in Gotham 22

23. English Consonants Where are [ʔ, ɱ, th]? Minimal pairs? [n] and [ɱ]
[m] and [ɱ]
[ʔ] and [t]
[ʔ] and [k]
[th] and [t] 23

24. English Consonants
Chart includes only contrastive units (phonemes) 24

25. Malay 25

26. Fit into IPA What are non IPA symbols?
What do you do with aspirated stops? 26

27. Fit into IPA
Dothraki vowels (Avatar)
[o, a, y, u, e, ɯ, œ, i] 27

28. Fit into IPA
Dothraki vowels (Avatar)
[o, a, y, u, e, ɯ, œ, i] 28

29. Allophones
Are the phonetic realization of phonemes 29

30. Allophones Are the phonetic realization of phonemes
People are aware of changes in phonemes
They aren’t aware of changes in allophones 30

31. Allophones Are the phonetic realization of phonemes
People are aware of changes in phonemes
They aren’t aware of changes in allophones
Why not? 31

32. Allophones Are the phonetic realization of phonemes
People are aware of changes in phonemes
They aren’t aware of changes in allophones
Why not?
Allophones of a phoneme don’t contrast 32

33. Allophones Which allophone is used depends on Phones around it Stress
Position in the word
Position in the syllable 33

34. Allophones Adjacent sounds Tend to become similar
[ɹ] in ‘prom’ is often voiceless because [p] is voiceless 34

35. Allophones Adjacent sounds Tend to become similar
[ɹ] in ‘prom’ is often voiceless because [p] is voiceless
[n] in ‘tango’ is velar [ŋ] because [g] is velar 35

36. Allophones Stress Vowels tend to become [ə] when stressless
res[áɪ]de rés[ə]dent
opp[ó]se opp[ə]sítion 36

37. Allophones
Stress
/p, t, k/ are very aspirated in stress syllable, less so in unstressed
Totálity
cóconut 37

38. Allophones Syllable position /t/ is [ʔ] in syllable coda foo[ʔ]pad
ou[ʔ]put
receip[ʔ] 38

39. Allophones Syllable position
/ɹ/ deletes in syllable coda in some varieties
pa[∅]t
mirro[∅] 39

40. Allophones Syllable position
/ɹ/ deletes in syllable coda in some varieties
pa[∅]t
Mirro[∅]
Even in the US
su[∅]prise lib[∅]ary
gove[∅]ner barbitu[∅]ate 40

41. Variation Not all allophones are governed by stress, position, context
Some is dialectal, idiolectal
Woman who used all [ɫ]
Woman with linguo-labial [l]
[st] > [ʃt] in ‘step on it’ 41