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Volcanoes and volcanic hazards
Geology 101
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Many different volcano types
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Volcanic hazard summary
This ain’t Dante’s Peak – not all hazards occur at all volcanoes
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Volcanic hazards -- lava flow
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Volcanic hazards -- pyroclastic flow
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Volcanic hazard -- tephra (ash) fall
Tephra is any ejected material from an eruption Size range is quite large Rock names are not related to ejection
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Volcanic hazard -- lahar
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Lahars -- mudslides on volcanoes
Don’t need an eruption to start, thus less predictable Require loose material, slope and water (Cascades) Extend for 100 miles down river valleys off volcanoes
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Volcanic hazard -- blast
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Characterizing eruptions -- the VEI scale
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Case study: Toba (74 ka)
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Mitochondrial DNA study yielded an odd result
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Toba eruption caused a human population “bottleneck”
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Planning for the next one
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