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Chapter 5 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Why It’s Important Every cell in your body needs ___________ to function. This energy is acquired through photosynthesis and cellular respiration energy
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Objectives Chapter 5 Section 1 and Section 2
Analyze the flow of energy through living systems. (5.1) Compare the metabolism of autotrophs with that of heterotrophs. (5.1) Describe the role of ATP in metabolism. (5.1) Describe the experiments that led to an understanding of photosynthesis (5.2) Summarize how energy is captured from sunlight in the first stage of photosynthesis. (5.2)
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New Vocabulary Section 5.1 Photosynthesis Autotroph Heterotroph
Cellular respiration Section 5.2 Pigment Chlorophyll Carotenoid Thylakoid Granum / grana stroma
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All of an organism’s chemical reactions
Vocabulary Review What is metabolism? All of an organism’s chemical reactions (especially those involving energy transformations)
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Energy in Living Systems
Chapter 5 Section 1 Energy and Living Things Energy in Living Systems Directly or indirectly, almost all of the energy in living systems needed for metabolism comes from the ____________ sun
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building breaking light chemical glucose food starch stems roots
Chapter 5 Section 1 Energy and Living Things building Metabolism involves either __________ molecules or ____________ down molecules in which energy is stored. Photosynthesis is the process by which ___________ energy is converted to _____________ energy This chemical energy is stored in the organic compound _____________, which is a plant’s _______ Often, plants convert glucose to ___________, which can be stored in ________ and ________ for later use Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called ___________________ breaking light chemical glucose food starch stems roots autotrophs
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Equation for Photosynthesis
Light Energy 6CO H > C6H O2 Carbon dioxide Water Glucose Oxygen What are the reactants? What are the products? Which substance acts a catalyst? Carbon dioxide and water Glucose and oxygen Light energy
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By studying plant growth
How did we learn about photosynthesis? The work of three major scientists has led to our understanding of photosynthesis ____________________ By studying plant growth Jan van Helmont Joseph Priestley Jan Ingenhousz
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Jan van Helmont 17th mass soil seedling watered
______ century Dutch physician devised an experiment to find out where the _______ of a growing tree comes from Carefully found the mass of a pot of dry ______ and a small ___________ Planted the seedling in the pot of soil Took care of it and _________ it for five years. 17th mass soil seedling watered
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Van Helmont’s Result water
At the end of five years, the seedling had grown into a small tree The tree gained a mass of about 75 kg, while the mass of the soil was almost unchanged Conclusion? The mass of a tree comes from ________ because it was the only thing he added to the soil water
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Joseph Priestley 100 died English scientist
conducted an experiment nearly _______ years after Van Helmont Placed a glass jar over a burning candle Watched as the flame gradually ______ out and concluded that something in the air was needed for the candle to continue burning 100 died
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Priestley ran the experiment again with a small __________ in the container
After a few days, Priestley attempted to relight the candle with a burning ___________. It _______________! Conclusion? Plants produce _____________, which allowed the candle to burn plant glass relit oxygen
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Priestley did similar experiments with plants and ________…he discovered that oxygen is also necessary to sustain animal life Do not try this at home! mice While unintentionally cruel, this discovery was very important! Previously, scientists believed that “air” was an element and did not know that it contained ______________ gases separate
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Jan Ingenhousz light light light Ingenhousz (light house)
Dutch scientist conducted Priestley’s experiment in the presence and absence of ______________ Observed similar results only in the presence of ________________ Conclusion? ____________ is necessary for plants to produce oxygen light light light Ingenhousz (light house)
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____ + H20 ------------------- > C6H1206 + O2
The work of Van Helmont, Priestley, and Ingenhousz constructed part of the chemical equation for photosynthesis What reactant(s) was/were contributing to the carbon and oxygen and in glucose? Light Energy ____ + H > C6H O2
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markers oxygen glucose gas
In the 1950s, scientists placed radioactive _______, or tags on the ____________ in CO2 and H20 to track their reactions during photosynthesis Result The oxygen in CO2 was incorporated into _________________ and the oxygen in H20 was released as a __gas____ markers oxygen glucose gas Light Energy CO2 + H > C6H12O6+ O2
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consume heterotrophs grass rabbits Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy and Living Things The chemical energy in organic compounds can be transferred to other organic compounds or to organisms that _______________ food. Organisms that must get energy by consuming other organisms are called ____________________ Examples… Rabbits consume ____________ A fox consumes _____________ consume heterotrophs grass rabbits
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break used cellular respiration usable ATP
Both plants and animals need a way to ___________ down their food so that it can be _______ to carry out cellular activities Organisms do so in a process called _____________ _______________ This process converts the chemical energy stored in glucose or starch into a _____________ form of energy called _________ break used cellular respiration usable ATP
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Cellular Respiration Equation
enzymes C6H12O O > 6C H2O energy glucose oxygen carbon dioxide water ATP What are the reactants? What are the products? Which substance acts as a catalyst? glucose and oxygen Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP enzymes
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Cellular Respiration Equation
enzymes C6H12O O > 6C H2O energy glucose oxygen carbon dioxide water ATP How are the equations for cellular respiration and photosynthesis related? The reactants and products are reversed
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Circle of Life plant animal O2 CO2
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Chapter 5 Transfer of Energy to ATP
Section 1 Energy and Living Things Transfer of Energy to ATP When cells break down food molecules, some of the energy in the molecules is released as _______, while the remaining energy is stored in ATP. Like money, ATP is a portable form of energy __________ inside cells It delivers energy wherever energy is needed in a cell heat “currency”
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Chapter 5 Section 1 Energy and Living Things Breakdown of Starch
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Chapter 5 Section 1 Energy and Living Things ATP adenosine ATP, which stands for ______________ ________________, is actually a ___________ with __________ extra energy-storing phosphate groups. What are the three basic parts of a nucleotide? triphosphate nucleotide two Phosphate group Sugar Nitrogenous base
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Nitrogenous base (adenine)
So ATP is made up of a…. ________________ ______ phosphate groups Sugar (ribose) Nitrogenous base (adenine) 3
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Chapter 5 Where is energy stored in ATP?
Section 1 Energy and Living Things Where is energy stored in ATP? Energy is released when the bonds that hold the phosphate groups together are _____________ The removal of a phosphate group from ATP produces ADP, which stands for ______________ __________________ H2O + ATP ADP + P + energy In the bonds between the phosphates hydrolyzed adenosine diphosphate
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Chapter 5 Section 1 Energy and Living Things ATP Releases Energy
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Chapter 5 Photosynthesis occurs in three stages
Section 2 Photosynthesis Photosynthesis occurs in three stages Stage 1 Energy is _____________ from sunlight. Stage 2 Light energy is converted to chemical energy, which is temporarily stored in _____ and the electron carrier molecule ________. Stage 3 The chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH powers the formation of _________ ___________, using ____. captured ATP NADPH organic CO2 compounds
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These stages occur in different parts of the _________________
Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis These stages occur in different parts of the _________________ chloroplast Each green stack inside the chloroplast is called a _______ The grana are made up of individual _____________ which have their own membranes called ______________ membranes granum thylakoids thylakoid granum
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Photosynthesis Chapter 5 Stages 1 & 2 occur in the ___________
Section 2 Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Stages 1 & 2 occur in the ___________ ______________, while stage 3 occurs outside of the grana in the space called the ___________ thylakoid membrane stroma
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Stage One: Capture of Light Energy
Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis Stage One: Capture of Light Energy Sunlight contains a mixture of all the _______________ (colors) of visible light When sunlight passes through a _________, the prism separates the light into different colors. wavelengths prism
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Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis According to increasing frequency, the wavelengths are… Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet Hint… _______________ ROYGBIV Increasing frequency (energy)
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Wavelengths that are seen are ________________
reflected Wavelengths that are seen are ________________ Think of mirror…what is the image called that you see? Wavelengths that are not seen are __absorbed____________ Leaves contain light-absorbing substances called ______________________ Chlorophyll ____ __________________ reflection absorbed pigments a b carotenoids
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Chapter 5 What colors do chlorophyll b and a absorb?
Section 2 Photosynthesis What colors do chlorophyll b and a absorb? Violet, blue, orange and red
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Chapter 5 So chlorophyll reflects… Green and yellow
Section 2 Photosynthesis So chlorophyll reflects… Green and yellow
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Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis These pigments are embedded in the _____________ membrane which surround the _________ When light strikes the membrane, energy is transferred to _____________ in chlorophyll molecules This energy transfer causes the electrons to jump to a _________ energy level. thylakoid grana electrons higher
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Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis What colors do carotenoids reflect that chlorophyll does not? orange and red….fall colors
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When electrons are at the lowest energy level they are at the _________ state
When they absorb energy, they become ___________ and move to __________ energy levels Plants first ____________ the sun’s energy when electrons in their chlorophyll molecules absorb its wavelengths ground excited higher capture
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Excited electrons eventually move back _______ to the ground state
As they do, they release their absorbed ________ down energy
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Question 1 What molecule that contains chemical energy is produced in photosynthesis? A. O2 B. CO2 C. C6H12O6 D. H20
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Question 2 What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?
Autotrophs – make their own food Heterotrophs – must consume food
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Question 3 Which scientist determined that the process of photosynthesis requires light? A. Jan van Helmont B. Joseph Priestley C. Jan Ingenhousz
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Question 4 An ATP molecule is a nucleotide with two more…
A. Nitrogenous bases B. Phosphate groups C. Sugars D. Glycerol molecules
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Question 5 Do chlorophyll molecules reflect or absorb green light?
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Question 6 In order of increasing frequency, what do the first letter of each color in visible light spell? ROYGBIV
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