1. Industrial Revolution
Ch 25

2. The Beginnings of Industrialization
Sec 1

3. Objectives Understand the causes of the Industrial Revolution
Agricultural Revolution
New Inventions
Improvements in Transportation
Understand why the Industrial Revolution began in England

4. How were goods made before the Industrial Revolution?

5. Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution- the shift from making goods by hand to making them by machine, beginning in the 18th century in England

6. Agricultural Revolution

7. Enclosure Movement
Enclosure Movement- In the early 1700s wealthy landowners began buying small farms and enclosing the land with fences or hedges
2 important results
Landowners began trying new farming methods
Small farmers became tenant farmers or moved to cities

8. Seed Drill Jethro Tull- scientific farmer who invented the seed drill
The seed drill allowed farmers to plant seeds in well placed rows at specific depths
Greatly increased crop yields

10. What was the method of farming used on manors during the Middle Ages?

11. Other New Methods
Crop rotation- system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land
Livestock breeding techniques increased the size of animals

12. Effects of Agricultural Revolution
As food supplies increased England’s population boomed
Increasing population brought more demand for food and goods like cloth
Many small farmers lost their land and became factory workers

13. Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?

14. Why England? Large population of workers Extensive natural resources
Water power and coal
Iron ore
Rivers for transportation
Harbors
Expanding economy
Highly developed banking system
Political stability
Growing overseas trade

15. Factors of Production
Britain had all of the factors of production, resources necessary to produce goods and service such as land, labor, and capital

16. New Technology
Textile industry- was the first industry to be transformed
Large inventions such as the spinning jenny and power loom took the work of spinning and weaving out of the home and into factories
Cotton gin-1793

18. Improvements in Transportation
James Watt- made a more efficient and faster steam engine
Robert Fulton- used Watt’s steam engine to build a steamboat
Better roads

20. Railway Age Railroads- Drove English industry after 1820
Cheap transportation
Created new jobs
Boosted other industries
Encouraged country to take distant city jobs

21. Industrialization
Sec 2

22. What were the social effects of the Industrial Revolution?

23. Effects of the Industrial Revolution

24. If you are a factory worker in 19th century England how do you get to work?

25. Urbanization
Urbanization- city building and the moving of people to cities
Caused by the growth of the factory system

28. Living Conditions
Because cities grew so rapidly they had no development plans, sanitary codes, or building codes
Lack of housing, education, and police protection
Poor garbage collection
Sickness, epidemics
Average lifespan in some cities was 17

29. Working Conditions 14 hours a day 6 days a week Very dangerous
Dimly lit
Poor air quality

38. Class Tensions
Middle Class- social class made up of skilled workers, wealthy farmers, professionals, and businessmen
Some members of the middle class began to become wealthier than the nobles and landowners
Industrial revolution caused the upper middle class to grow

39. Working Class
The working class saw little improvement in their lives as a result of the industrial revolution
Replaced by machines
Luddites- groups of workers who attacked factories trying to destroy machinery

40. What were the positive effects of the Industrial Revolution?

41. Positive Effects Positive Effects Created jobs
Contributed to the wealth of the nation
Fostered technological progress and invention
Increased production of goods
Raised standard of living
Hope of improving people’s lives
Healthier diets
Better housing
Cheaper clothing

42. Spread of Industrialization
Sec 3

43. Industrialization in the US
US had the same resources that allowed Britain to industrialize
Samuel Slater
Francis Cabot Lowell

44. Boom After the Civil War
The Northern economy boomed after the Civil War
Led by railroads
New inventions
Lightbulb
telephone

45. Rise of Corporations
To raise money for large enterprises, entrepreneurs sold shares of stock
Corporation- business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts

46. Who were the business leaders who led industrialization in the US?

47. Standard Oil John D Rockefeller- owner of the Standard Oil Company
Oil industry
Horizontal Integration- combining competing firms into one corporation
Once controlled 90% of oil industry

48. Carnegie Steel
Andrew Carnegie- philanthropist and owner of Carnegie Steel (later US Steel)
Vertical Integration- acquiring companies that provided the equipment and services needed for a particular industry

49. Continental Europe
Industrialization in Europe was slowed by the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars
Industrialization in Europe began in Belgium but was soon led by Germany

50. Global Inequality
Industrialization widened the gap between industrialized and nonindustrialized countries
Imperialism- policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, or economically

51. Reforming the Industrial World
Sec 4

52. Reform
As the gap between rich and poor increased many people felt the government should take an active role to improve conditions
Business leaders believed that government should stay out of business

53. Laissez faire
Laissez faire- economic policy of letting the owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference
“let people do as they please”
Government regulations only interfere with the production of wealth

54. Adam Smith Adam Smith- economist who defended the idea of free markets
The Wealth of Nations
1776

55. 3 Natural Laws of Economics
The Law of Self-Interest- people work for their own good
The Law of Competition- competition forces people to make a better product
The Law of Supply and Demand- enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy

56. Capitalism
Capitalism- economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business venture to make a profit

57. Thomas Malthus
Thomas Malthus- author who believed the world’s population would eventually outgrow its ability to produce food
Without wars and epidemics to kill off extra people, most were destined to be poor and miserable

60. Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism- theory proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people
Utilitarianism led people to question unregulated capitalism

61. Utopia
Utopia- perfect society

62. Socialism
Socialism- factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all
Government should control the economy to promote equality and end poverty

63. Karl Marx
Karl Marx- philosopher who wrote the Communist Manifesto

64. Communist Manifesto Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels 1848
History is a series of battles between the haves (bourgeoisie) and the have nots (proletariat)
Industrial Revolution made the rich get richer and poor get poorer

65. Future According to Marx
Capitalism will eventually destroy itself by driving small business owners out and leaving a small number of manufacturers with all the wealth
Eventually the proletariat will overthrow the capitalists and a classless society will develop

66. Communism
Communism- form of complete socialism in which the means of production would be owned by the people
Private property would cease to exist
All goods and services would be shared equally

67. Labor Unions
Union- association of workers, formed to bargain better working conditions and higher wages
If factory owners refused demand union members would go on strike