1. The Flow of Energy Within Organisms

2. Mighty Mini Motor In The News

3. Energy and Life Life involves a constant flow of energy
Energy = ability to do work
Energy states
Potential
Kinetic

4. Potential Energy Potential Energy Kinetic Energy
Energy not actively doing work
Kinetic
Energy
Energy of
motion

5. Energy Laws Laws of Thermodynamics First law
Energy can neither be created or destroyed
Second law
Disorder in a closed system tend to increase

6. Entropy Measure of disorder Energy is required to overcome entropy
Organisms have an input of energy to continue to function

7. Energy and Chemical Reactions
Chemical reactions release & store energy

8. Activation Energy Required to start reactions
Helps break or destabilize bonds

9. Exergonic Reaction Energy is released
Proceed spontaneously once started
Catabolic reactions
Breaks complex molecules to simple
Releases energy
Common in organisms

10. Endergonic reaction Energy used in bonding reactants Builds molecules
Called
anabolic
reactions

12. Metabolic Pathways
Move, store, & release energy
Keep bodies working

13. Enzymes
Lower activation energy
Increase rate of reaction (catalyst)

14. Substrates Substances on which enzymes work
Bound to active sites by enzymes

15. How Enzymes Catalyze an Exergonic Reaction

16. Enzyme Substrate

17. Enzymes can Catalyze Reactions Between Two Substrates

18. Environmental Conditions Affect Enzyme Activity
Temperature
Can change enzyme shape
Can affect enzyme activity

19. Enzymes Work Best in Conditions Specific to an Organism

20. Other Factors Affecting EnzymespH
Presence of chemicals binding to enzymes
Activators catalyze reactions
Inhibitors shuts off enzyme activity

21. End Products
Can regulate enzyme activity

22. Cofactors Additional parts of enzymes Molecules other than proteins
Help catalyze chemical reactions

23. Coenzymes Organic cofactor Synthesized with vitamins
Important for many functions

24. ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
Primary energy carrier of living systems

25. ATP Unstable covalent bonds on phosphate
Requires little activation energy
High energy transfer potential

26. Phosphorylation Energy transferred along with phosphate
Used for most cellular work

27. ATP – ADP Cycle ATP loses phosphate group Phosphate is added to ADP
Energy is released
Hydrolysis
Product is ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
Phosphate is added to ADP
Requires energy from exergonic reactions
Dehydration synthesis
Product is ATP

29. End Chapter 6