1. 1. What does Renaissance mean. 2. When did it begin. 3
1. What does Renaissance mean? 2. When did it begin? 3. What were three things that happened during the Renaissance? 4. What was the Renaissance inspired by? 5. What was a contribution of Greek civilization?   6. What led to the fall of Rome? 7. What happened when Rome was captured by Barbarian tribes? 8. What were the Dark Ages? 9. What were the high-Middle Ages? 10. Where did the Renaissance begin? What was the major focus of learning during the Middle Ages? 12. What did the people of the Renaissance do to understand human life and to solve problems that face mankind? What is humanism? 14. What is a city state? Who ruled Florence? 16. What are two differences between Medieval Art and art of the Renaissance? 17. What did perspective do?

2. from Italian chiaro, “light”; scuro, “dark”
Chiaroscuro
chiaroscuro --using shading and lighting to make the scene seem more natural and three dimensional.
from Italian chiaro, “light”; scuro, “dark”
Begin by having the students write the word chiaroscuro. Then, have them draw a circle. Ask them what that circle could be ( a rubber band, a ball, a globe, a contact, a CD, etc). Tell them that this is what art of the Middle Ages would have been like. Then, have them shade the ball as it is shaded in the slide (make sure they give it a shadow). Note that it can no longer be a rubber band or a contact. It is obviously a sphere of some kind. It is a sphere that exists in a space (we know this because it has a shadow). It is more realistic, and we know more about it by looking at it than we did before. This is like Renaissance art. After they draw the sphere, have them write the definition.

3. Not the use of chiaroscuro in this slide
Not the use of chiaroscuro in this slide. The shading makes it all look more lifelike. You can see the bone structure and the muscles. The above left is a picture of part of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Below is a picture on that where Michelangelo is depicting the creation of man (Adam) by God. Above right is a photo by Raphael of two angels. Not how pudgy and innocent the angels look. They look like they have thoughts and personalities. These characteristics are accented by shadow/chiaroscuro. Put a disclaimer in that a lot of the art you will be viewing is religious, because the church commissioned most of it, and most people in Europe were Christian.

4. Perspective: horizon line and vanishing point
Renaissance art introduced the horizon line, a line drawn across the canvas at the viewer's eye level which represents the line in nature where the sky appears to meet the ground.
Along with this method was the vanishing point, or the middle of the horizon line, where parallel lines would meet and spread out from there
Have students write the title on a piece of paper. Then, have them create a horizon line, like a wavy line representing the spot where mountains meet the sky. Have them label this line horizon line. Then, have them pick a point on that line. Place a dot at that point and label it vanishing point. Then, draw an upside down v from that point, which will become a road or railroad by placing tracks inside the v that gradually get larger as they go towards the bottom. You can even place trees on the sides along the tracks that gradually get smaller as they go towards the vanishing point. Show them how these techniques helped to create depth/perspective.

5. Get a new Perspective
Have them compare the perspective of these two pictures. Which painting is from the Renaissance (right)? Who is depicted in the photo on the left (Jesus)? How do you know (stigmata)? Note how much more obvious it is that the picture on the left is Jesus than the picture on the right. That is because the art of the Renaissance wasn’t as obvious.. It took a little longer to understand, required more contemplation. They gave the story more complexity as their understanding and education increased. Not the difference chiaroscuro can make in the realistic look of clothing and muscles. The drape over Jesus compared the clothing of the men hammering the nails. One looks real, the other looks lie paint blots. Where is the vanishing point on the right one (Jesus’s head). Not how this point creates an illusion of depth.

6. The Kiss of Judas
What differences do you notice in these two pictures?

7. Manuscripts
The printing press was invented during the Renaissance. Before this time, books were hand written. Bibles, which were thousands of pages, would have taken years to write. Not only were they written in beautiful calligraphy, but almost every page was decorated with a picture depicting the text so that illiterate people could understand what it was saying. Also, not everyone had a bible as they do in churches today. Only the priest had the book, and he kept it on the alter. What do you think the picture on the left represents? (Last supper) What do you notice about this picture (the faces all look the same, there is nothing to help you know how anyone is different from anyone else/no individuality)

8. These are more illuminated manuscripts (book pages) from the Medieval Period. Note the way that the demon in the picture on the right is shaded. How would this painting look different if it was done during the Renaissance period? (chiaroscuro would make the legs seem more lifelike. The fur would look more like real fur. There would be a setting and perspective and depth).

9. Castles
Many castles were built during the High Middle Ages.

10. Chartres Cathedral
Also, Gothic Cathedrals were built. Look at all of the detail.

11. Reims
Look at all the details on the Reims cathedral. Detail of the door is in the middle. Sculptures are all over the building of famous people of the bible and of Christian history. (see above left picture.) Imagine how much work it would be to build something like this, especially after you have just built your castles. How do we use the word gothic today? (To describe darkness, people dressed in black, etc).

12. Notre Dame
These buildings are known to be gothic for several reasons. They are these huge, towering, incredibly overwhelming buildings. The point of them is to make the viewer walk to its doors and feel the power of god. They should become overwhelmed by this power, and realize how insignificant they are compared to God. They are nothing. Then, they would walk in, and it would be pretty dark and damp (there was no electricity). Note that most of the windows and stained glass are at the top of the building. This was done so that it would be dark at the bottom where the people are, and light up above. What might this symbolize (heaven). This was to make the people feel like they were nothing, that their existence on earth was nothing, but that eventually, they could reach the everlasting light of heaven through the church. It was to show how much greater heaven was than earthly pleasures.

13. Giotto’s Arena Chapel
In contrast, during the Renaissance, the rich merchants, traders, and bankers created their own private churches. They could walk into their own private church, which was painted with beautiful pictures from top to bottom, and it was like they were in their own little heaven. They could talk on a more personal level with God. They were no longer insignificant, but were on the same level as God was!

14. Brancacci Chapel Mosaccio
The stories that were painted on the inside of these chapels were stories of the bible. Often, the rich commissioners would put themselves in the biblical scenes. Some would even repent for their sins in the art work. The picture on the top left is Masaccio's expulsion of Adam and Eve from the garden. We talked about how the art of the Renaissance embraced human bodies and their beauty and glory. After the Renaissance, Christianity became far more conservative, and the church censored many of the pieces of art by painting leaves over their bodies to clothe them. Note the golden altarpiece in the central picture. The next slide has a more close up view of an altarpiece that is similar to this one.

15. What do you notice about this picture. (Perspective
What do you notice about this picture? (Perspective.. Where is the line of sight on the bottom middle picture? See how they used a line of sight to create depth and perspective. Note the meticulous detail in these paintings.. They look so realistic and lifelike. Combined with holy scenes, you have life scenes of the commissioner's life (bottom left). This shows that the commissioner is putting himself on the same level as God! This is totally different than art of the Middle Ages. It rarely put regular people into pictures, and nearly always depicted traditional holy scenes to tell a story instead of trying to bring the viewer into the story so that they can experience it themselves.

16. Jean Van Eyke
Jan van Eyck, a Flemish artist of the Renaissance, achieved realism by mere detail. He would draw every curve, every wrinkle, and every speck with the result of an almost mirror reflection of a scene. Jan, like many other of his contemporaries, not only paid a lot of attention to detail in the foreground of the picture, but also in the background. Backgrounds were complex with lots of colors and usually a grand landscape. Medieval art, on the other hand, did not have much detail at all in the background. Usually there would be a drape-effect behind the foreground, a curtain of gold or black. This contributed to making art of the Middle Ages even less realistic.

17. The Arnolfini Marriage
What do you notice about this picture? It is a portrait by Van Eyke. Portraits became popular during the Renaissance, because wealthy merchants and traders and bankers were paying for art instead of only the church. This is a portrait that this couple had made before their marriage, sort of like how today couples go and get engagement photos made. Is their anything you notice about the woman? (she is pregnant). Rich men wouldn’t marry a women unless she could bear him children to carry on his line, so they would often wait to get married until the woman became pregnant. There is also a number of references to fertility in this picture. There is fruit on the window seal, dogs represent fertility. There is also a statue of the Saint of fertility behind their hand on the edge of the couch. Note the mirror detail in the background. The little bubbles surrounding the mirror are pictures depicting scenes from the bible. Some say this is the eye of god. These types of mirrors were popular to shopkeepers during this time. As they allowed them to see all of their goods. In such a way, it is said that this represents god watching over the couple. Above this mirror, Van Eyke has inscribed his name. There is so much detail in this picture. Wooden shoes showing that they are a Dutch couple. Have them note the many details. There is even a scene outside of the window. There is a world that exists in the picture.

18. Michelangelo
Michelangelo is famous for his sculptures and for painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel among other things. To the left is a sketch of him.

19. Sistine Chapel
The pope commissioned him to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. He didn’t want to do it.. He was getting old and it was a lot of work, but the pope didn’t give him any choice. He either had to paint the chapel or go to jail. Michelangelo built scaffolding and painted the ceiling laying on his back. He almost went blind from paint getting in his eyes and from fumes and from looking so close to something for such long periods of time. To top it off, the pope failed to pay him the money he promised for the job. Mich. Was furious, and took out his anger in his painting. He even painted a picture of the pope in his famous “Judgment Day” painting. (above left) being damned to hell.