1. Animal Strategies I. Body Organization A. Complexity
From Cells to Tissues to Organs to Systems

2. B. Tissues
1. Epithelium
2. Connective
Figure 40.5
Figure 40.5

3. 3. Muscle
4. Nervous
Figure 40.5
Figure 40.5

4. 5. Embryonic
Figure 47.1

5. Developmental stages of an Echinoderm
Figure 47.6

6. Differentiation yields endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm from the inner cell mass.
Figure 47.9

7. C. Systems Which body systems are involved in movement?
Which body systems are involved in homeostasis?
Which body systems are involved in energy capture?
Which body systems are involved in regulation?

8. Which body systems are involved in reproduction?
Which body systems are involved in protection?
What are the body systems seen in animals?

9. II. Body Plan A. Traditional View 1. Evidence a. Metamorphosis
Based on Embryonic and Anatomic evidence
1. Evidence
a. Metamorphosis
Figure 32.2
b. Remodeling
Figure 32.3

10. 2. Grades - 35 animal clades based on a. Tissues Present
b. Body Symmetry
Figure 32.11
Figure 32.8

11. d. Development Patterns
c. Body Cavities
d. Development Patterns
Figure 32.8
Figure 32.9

12. B. Molecular View 1. Evidence a. Lophotrochozoa b. Ecdyozoa
Based on DNA and rRNA evidence?
a. Lophotrochozoa
b. Ecdyozoa
Figure 32.12

13. C. Comparison of Views.

14. III. Animal Phyla A. Invertebrata 1. Parazoans a. Phylum Porifera
Sessile adults, suspension feeders, hermaphroditic, and special cells called choanocytes and amebocytes

15. Figure 33.4

16. 2. Radiata a. Phylum Cnidarians Cnidocytes and Nematocysts Figure 33.7

17. b. Phylum Ctenophora
Comb jellies

18. 3. Protostomia
a. Lophotrochozoa
i. Phylum Platyhelminthes
Flat worms

19. Figure 33.10
Figure 33.12

20. ii. Phylum Nemertea
Proboscis or Ribbon worms with complete digestive tract and closed circulatory system.

21. iii. Phylum Mollusca

22. Phylum Mollusca
Figure 33.16
Figure 33.18
Figure 33.20
Figure 33.17

23. iv. Phylum Annelida
Figure 33.22, 23 & 24

24. b. Ecdysozoa i. Phylum Nematoda
Figure 33.27
Figure 33.26
Roundworms = moist habitat; non-segmented, short tapered ends, a cuticle exoskeleton, pseudocoelomic, and sexual

25. ii. Phylum Arthropoda

26. Phylum Arthropoda
Figure 33.32
Figure 33.33
Figure 33.40
Figure 33.30

27. 4. Deuterostomia
a. Phylum Echinodermata

28. Radial yet segmented
Figure 33.37
Figure 33.44

29. B. Vertebrata 1. Deuterostomia a. Phylum Chordata
i. “Invertebrata” Chordates
tunicates
lancelets
Figure 34.5
Figure 34.4
Notochord, Dorsal Nerve Cord, Pharyngeal Slits, & Post anal Tail

30. Myxini & Petromyzontida
ii. Gnathostomes?
Myxini & Petromyzontida
Figure 34.7
Jawless Fish
Figure 34.8
Notochord, Dorsal Nerve Cord, Pharyngeal Slits, & Post anal Tail

31. Gnathostomata or jawed with no bones
iii. Chondrichthyes
Gnathostomata or jawed with no bones
Figure 34.14

32. Gnathostomata or jawed fish with bone
iv. Osteichthyes
Gnathostomata or jawed fish with bone
Figure 34.16

33. in and out plus tetrapod
v. Amphibia
in and out plus tetrapod
Figure 34.21

34. Out with Amniote eggs
vi. Reptilia
Figure 34.27
Figure 34.28

35. Feathers with Amniote eggs
vii. Aves
Feathers with Amniote eggs
Figure 34.32, 34, & 35

36. Eutherians (placentals)
viii. Mammalia
Hairy with breasts
Monotremes (eggs)
Eutherians (placentals)
Marsupials (pouched)
Figure 34.35