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Classification
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Aristotle 384 BC Classified organisms as either plants or animals
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Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778 Classification system
Taxonomic groups of related organisms Binomial nomenclature (two names) Homo sapiens Dermacentor andersoni
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Taxonomic Groups
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Classification of Man Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia
Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species Homo sapiens
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Species “Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups.” Reproductively isolated group Ernst Mayr
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Different Species
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* * Archaea
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Kingdom Monera or Eubacteria
Single celled Prokaryotic Make or absorb food Cell wall peptidoglycan
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Kingdom Archaea Single celled Prokaryotic Make or absorb food DNA
Similar to Eukaryotic Cell wall Pseudopeptidoglycan or protein only
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Kingdom Protista Single celled Eukaryotic Ingest or produce food
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Kingdom Fungi Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall Chitin Absorb food
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Kingdom Plantae Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall Produce food
Cellulose Produce food photosynthesis
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Kingdom Animalia Multicellular Eukaryotic No cell wall Ingest food
Motile
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Terminology Classification Taxonomy Systematics Phylogeny
Assigning organisms to different catagories based on their relationship Taxonomy The science of naming organisms Systematics Determining evolutionary relationships of organisms Phylogeny Evolutionary history
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Cladogram Evolutionary relationship of a group of organisms
Each clad (group) share something in common Ancestral traits are the oldest Derived traits evolved later
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Cladogram for Transportation
Wheels are the most ancestral Wings are the most derived
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Construct a Cladogram
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Gorilla Four limbs Fur Lost tail
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Tiger Four limbs Fur Tail
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Lizard Four limbs Tail
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Fish Tail
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Chimpanzee Four limbs Fur Lost tail
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Clad With 4 Limbs
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Clad With Fur
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Clad With No Tail
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Characteristics for Constructing Cladogram
Tail is the most ancestral Four limbs is the oldest derived trait Fur is a later derived trait Loss of tail is the most derived trait
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Gorilla Chimpanzee Tiger Lizard Fish Tail Lost Fur Four Limbs
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Gorilla Tail? How do we know the gorilla lost its tail?
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Gorilla’s Vestigial Tail
Human Gorilla
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Synapomorphy A derived character shared by two or more groups.
Fur is a synapomorphy for the various groups of mammals. Synapomorphies are used to determine evolutionary relationships
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Phylogenetic Tree Shows evolutionary relationships
More historical than cladogram
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Echinodermata Uniramia Chelicerata Chordata Crustacea Protochordates
Lophophorates Crustacea Protochordates Arthropoda Annelida Hemichordata Mollusca Other pseudocoelomates Nemertea Platyhelminthes Nematoda Ctenophora Cnidaria Mesozoa Placozoa Sarcomastigophora Ciliophora Porifera Apicomplexa Microspora Myxozoa
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Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals
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Fish Fins Vertebrae Simple egg Homodont teeth
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Amphibian 4 limbs Vertebrae Simple egg Homodont teeth
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Reptile 4 limbs Vertebrae Amniotic egg Homodont teeth
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Bird 4 limbs Vertebrae Amniotic egg No teeth Feathers Endothermic
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Mammal 4 limbs Vertebrae Amniotic egg Heterodont teeth Fur or hair
Endothermic
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Birds Mammals Reptile Amphibian Fish Four Limbs Amniotic Egg Endothermic Fur Feathers Vertebrae
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Synapomorphies Birds Mammals Reptile Feathers Amphibian Fur Fish
Four Limbs Amniotic Egg Endothermic Fur Feathers Vertebrae Synapomorphies Four limbs for amphibians, reptiles, birds & mammals Amniotic egg for reptiles, birds & mammals
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Symplesiomorphy Character shared by a number of groups
Inherited from ancestors older than the last common ancestor. Symplesiomorphies are not helpful in determining evolutionary relationships
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Symplesiomorphies Birds Mammals Reptile Feathers Amphibian Fur Fish
Four Limbs Amniotic Egg Endothermic Fur Feathers Vertebrae Symplesiomorphies Vertebrae for amphibians, reptiles, birds & mammals Four limbs for reptiles, birds & mammals
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Monophyletic A group of all the descendants of a common ancestor
The common ancestor is in the group Example: Mammalia Ancestor was a mammal like reptile
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Paraphyletic A group of descendants of a common ancestor
Common ancestor is in the group Not all descendants are included Example: Reptiles Does not include birds and mammals
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Polyphyletic A group that has some similarities
Common ancestor is in not in the group Not all descendants are included Example: Flying vertebrates
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Tree of Life
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Bilateral Symmetry 7-9 Fig. 7.9 Sagittal plane
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Bilateral Symmetry Fig. 7.9 Sagittal plane 7-9
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Anatomical Terms Anterior Posterior Dorsal Ventral
Head end (front side in upright man) Posterior Tail end (back side in upright man) Dorsal Back side Ventral Belly side
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Anatomical Terms (cont)
Medial Close to the middle Lateral Close to the side Distal Away from the main part Proximal Close to the main part
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Anatomical Terms (cont)
Oral End with the mouth Aboral Opposite end of the mouth Cephalic Toward head Caudal Toward tail
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Bilateral Symmetry
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Radial Symmetry
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Asymmetry
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