1. Introduction to Earth Science
Notes: Pages 3 & 4
©Mark Place,

2. Observations, Inferences, Classification
What is used to make an observation?
the five senses

3. After observations have been collected. What does it mean to
make an inference?
make a hypothesis
(an “if” – “then” statement)

4. Types of Rocks Give examples of how scientists
use classification systems.
Types of Rocks

5. Types of Stars Give examples of how scientists
use classification systems.
Types of Stars

8. Scientific Instruments
Common
Instrument
Volume of Regular,
Rectangular Objects (a box)
Volume of Irregularly
Shaped Objects (rocks)
Mass
Distance
Time
ruler
graduated cylinder
scale
ruler
stop watch

9. What does it mean if you are asked to record your answer:
Accuracy
What does it mean if you are asked to record your answer:
a. to the nearest tenth
one decimal place
Example: 0.1
b. to the nearest hundredth
two decimal places
Example: 0.01
to the nearest thousandth
three decimal places
Example: 0.001

11. REALLY BIG NUMBERS
2 x 1011 – approximate number of stars in the Milky Way
6 x 1023 – the number of protons in a gram of hydrogen
2 x 1033 – grams of hydrogen in the Sun
1 x 1040,000 – Chance that a monkey will type Hamlet by hitting random keys

12. Formulas
density:
gradient:
rate of change:

13. Graphs!

14. GRAPHING
What is the best “Price is Right” game?
NOT PLINKO

15. yodel

16. (Independent Variable)
Graphical Relationships
Direct Relationship:
increases
As one variable increases, the other __________________.
Straight line has a CONSTANT Rate
Increasing Rate of Change
Decreasing Rate of Change y
X-axis
(Independent Variable)

17. Graphical Relationships
Examples

18. Population vs. Pollution

19. Distance from Sun

20. Graphical Relationships
Inverse Relationship:
decreases
As one variable increases, the other __________________
Straight line has a CONSTANT Rate
Decreasing Rate of Change
Increasing Rate of Change

21. Graphical Relationships
Examples

23. Graphical Relationships
Cyclic Relationship:
As one variable increases, the other
changes in a predictable pattern
REPEATS

24. Graphical Relationships
Examples
Sunspots

26. Graphical Relationships
No Relationship:
stays the same
As one variable increases, the other __________________
Dynamic Equilibrium

27. No Relationship:
Dynamic Equilibrium

28. Graphical Relationships
Examples
Kids in class vs. # of lockers
Mass vs. density