1. Komponen Dasar Sistem Komputer

2. Struktur Komputer ?

3. Structure - Top Level Computer Peripherals Central Main Processing
Unit
Main
Memory
Computer
Systems
Interconnection
Input
Output
Communication
lines

4. Structure - The CPU CPU Arithmetic Computer and Registers Login Unit
I/O
System
Bus
CPU
Internal CPU
Interconnection
Memory
Control
Unit

5. Structure - The Control Unit
CPU
Sequencing
Logic
ALU
Control
Unit
Internal
Bus
Control Unit
Registers and
Decoders
Registers
Control
Memory

6. Structure of von Nuemann machine
Arithmetic
and
Logic Unit
Input
Output
Equipment
Main
Memory
Program Control Unit

7. von Neumann/Turing Stored Program concept
Main memory storing programs and data
ALU operating on binary data
Control unit interpreting instructions from memory and executing
Input and output equipment operated by control unit
Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies
IAS
Completed 1952

8. Structure of IAS - detail
Central Processing Unit
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Accumulator MQ
Arithmetic & Logic Circuits
Input
Output
Equipment
MBR
Instructions
& Data
Main
Memory
IBR PC
MAR IR
Control
Circuits
Address
Program Control Unit

9. IAS - details 1000 x 40 bit words Set of registers (storage in CPU)
Binary number
2 x 20 bit instructions
Set of registers (storage in CPU)
Memory Buffer Register
Memory Address Register
Instruction Register
Instruction Buffer Register
Program Counter
Accumulator
Multiplier Quotient

10. A Bus is: shared communication link
single set of wires used to connect multiple subsystems
Control
Datapath
Memory
Processor
Input
Output

11. DEC - PDP-8 Bus Structure
I/O
Module
Main Memory
I/O
Module
Console
Controller
CPU
OMNIBUS

12. DEC PDP-8 1964 First minicomputer (after miniskirt!)
Did not need air conditioned room
Small enough to sit on a lab bench
$16,000
$100k+ for IBM 360
Embedded applications & OEM
BUS STRUCTURE

13. Input/Output: Gerbang Ke Dunia Luar
Processor
(active)
Computer
Control
(“brain”)
Datapath
(“brawn”)
Memory
(passive)
(where
programs,
data
live when
running)
Devices
Input
Output
Keyboard, Mouse
Display, Printer
Disk (where
not running)
That is, any computer, no matter how primitive or advance, can be divided into five parts:
1. The input devices bring the data from the outside world into the computer.
2. These data are kept in the computer’s memory until ...
3. The datapath request and process them.
4. The operation of the datapath is controlled by the computer’s controller.
All the work done by the computer will NOT do us any good unless we can get the data back to the outside world.
5. Getting the data back to the outside world is the job of the output devices.
The most COMMON way to connect these 5 components together is to use a network of busses.

14. I/O Device Examples and Speed
I/O Speed: bytes transferred per second (from mouse to display: million-to-1)
Device Behavior Partner Data Rate (Kbytes/sec)
Keyboard Input Human 0.01
Mouse Input Human 0.02
Line Printer Output Human 1.00
Floppy disk Storage Machine 50.00
Laser Printer Output Human
Magnetic Disk Storage Machine 10,000.00
Network-LAN I or O Machine 10,000.00
Graphics Display Output Human 30,000.00
Here are some examples of the various I/O devices you are probably familiar with.
Notice that most I/O devices that has human as their partner usually has relatively low peak data rates because human in general are slow relatively to the computer system.
The exceptions are the laser printer and the graphic displays.
Laser printer requires a high data rate because it takes a lot of bits to describe high resolution image you like to print by the laser writer.
The graphic display requires a high data rate because as I will show you later in today’s lecture, all the color objects we see in the real world and taken for granted is very hard to replicate on a graphic display.
Let’s take a closer look at one of the most popular storage device, magnetic disks.
+2 = 28 min. (Y:08)

15. What do we need to make I/O work?
A way to connect many types of devices to the Proc-Mem
A way to control these devices, respond to them, and transfer data
A way to present them to user programs so they are useful
Operating System
Proc
Mem
PCI Bus
SCSI Bus
cmd reg.
data reg.

16. Organisasi I/O Prosesor Memori ° ° ° Control Lines Address Lines BUS
Data Lines
Address Decoder
Control Circuits
Data & Status Registers
I/O Interface
Input Device

17. Growth in CPU Transistor Count

18. DRAM and Processor Characteristics

19. Trends in DRAM use