1. Nationalism in Eastern Europe

2. Ottoman Empire Decline – “Sick Man of Europe” Janissaries
Resisted Reforms (and “Christian” weapons)
Eliminated 1826
Territory broken off
Russia took territory in north
Serbia 1816
Greek Revolt and independence

3. Territory broken off (cont’d)
Lost grip on North Africa
Egypt (under Muhammad Ali) declared independence in 1805
French failed to take in 1798
Muhammad Ali makes Egypt independent
Expanded, but Britain and France stopped him
Fell under foreign influence after Ali died in 1849
Suez Canal built by French influence (1869)
England will establish protectorate in 1882
French seized Algeria 1830

6. Ottoman Empire Reform (Tanzimat) 1839-1876
Constitution 1876 (parliament)
Less tariffs, slavery curtailed, equality among religions, modernized bureaucracy, secular
Problems:
Required trained generation of bureaucrats (which did not exist)
Nationalism still existed
Relied on European banks
Religious disputes

7. Ottoman Empire Constitution abandoned Young Turks
Revolution Modernization

9. Austria
Hapsburg Empire
Multinational empire

10. Austria Francis Joseph Lost to France and Piedmont 1859
Limited reforms
National groups wanted out

11. Austria Dual Monarchy Lost to Prussia 1866
Hungarian King and Austrian King
Compromise
Other ethnic groups still wanted out