1. “To Illiberalize or Not to Illiberalize, that is the question.”
Chapter 11
Complexities of Liberalism in Practice
To what extent are the principles of liberalism viable?
“To Illiberalize or Not to Illiberalize, that is the question.”

2. Illiberalism
An illiberal democracy, also called a pseudo democracy, partial democracy, low intensity democracy, empty democracy, hybrid regime or delegative democracy, ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________It is not an 'open society'. This may be because a constitution limiting government powers exists, but its liberties are ignored.

3. So what is Illiberalism?
You must have a strong understanding and definition of this term!

4. War Measures Act
First passed in 1914 in response to Canada’s involvement in WWI
Has only been invoked 3 times
War Measures Act, statute (1914) conferring emergency powers on the federal Cabinet, allowing it to govern by decree when it perceives the existence of "war, invasion or insurrection, real or apprehended."
The Act was proclaimed in force with detailed regulations limiting the freedom of Canadians during both world wars.
The only use of the War Measures Act in a domestic crisis occurred in October and November 1970, when a state of "apprehended insurrection" was declared to exist in Québec and emergency regulations were proclaimed in response to 2 kidnappings by the terrorist (October Crisis)

5. Emergencies Act 1988 Replaced the War Measures Act in 1988
Designed to produce adequate safeguards to protect individual civil rights.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Public Welfare Emergencies?
International Emergencies?
Public Order Emergencies
War Emergencies?
Government of Canada is concerned about public security. Due to this ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Societies today face situations that challenge liberal values or characteristics such as individualism, freedom of expression, self interest, freedom of excessive government intrusion, and mobility rights. Some emergencies and security legislation seem to override the protection of civil liberties. These laws often contradict the laws that protect liberty such as the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the US Constitution.

6. Anti Terrorism Act
In the aftermath of the Sept. 11, 2001 attacks on the U.S., the federal government created Canada's first anti-terrorism legislation defining what terrorism is and making it a punishable offence within Canada's Criminal Code. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Anti Terrorism Act
Increased the powers of law _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The act defines terrorism as follows:
An act of omission committed inside or outside Canada for political, religious, or ideological purposes or causes and.....AND
With intention to intimidate the public in regard to security, including economic security, or to compel a person, government or national or international organization to do or refrain from doing an act……AND
With an intent to do one of the following:
Endanger life, cause death or serious harm to a person, cause risk to health safety of the public, cause serious damage to private or public property, disrupt and essential service or facility…………………

8. Anti Terrorism Act Highlights of the Anti-terrorism Act:
It gives the police wide, sweeping powers to act on suspected acts of terrorism.
It allows suspected terrorists to be detained without charge for up to three days.
It makes it easier for the police to use electronic surveillance, which used to be seen as a last resort.
It allows for preventive arrests.
It allows judges to compel witnesses to give evidence during an investigation.
It allows for the designation of a group as a terrorist organization.
Read Investigation p – Questions for Reflection p.397

9. Examples of Illiberalism!

10. Internment – WMA Canada (WW1)
internment of _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
An additional 80,000 individuals (of which the vast majority were Ukrainians) were obliged to register as "enemy aliens" and then required to report to local authorities on a regular basis.

11. Internment
During the Second World War, roughly _____________________________________________________________________________________Their struggle continued after the war as they fought for an apology and redress for their loss.

12. Internment CBC Archives Franklin D. Roosevelt declaration of War
Apology for Japanese Internment
A fragile Democracy with David Suzuki

13. October Crisis (1970) Introduction and Summary

14. October Crisis (1970) Discuss the following questions:Pg
Trudeau’s War Measures Act Speech
Discuss the following questions:
Under the circumstances in October of 1970, do you believe the federal governments actions were appropriate?
What other alternatives could Trudeau have used with the FLQ without rejecting the principles of liberalism during this crisis?

15. Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism
(USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001'.

16. USA PATRIOT Act of 2001
The purpose of the USA PATRIOT Act is to deter and punish terrorist acts in the United States and around the world, to enhance law enforcement investigatory tools, and other purposes, some of which include:
To strengthen U.S. measures to prevent, detect and prosecute international money laundering and financing of terrorism;
To subject to special scrutiny foreign jurisdictions, foreign financial institutions, and classes of international transactions or types of accounts that are susceptible to criminal abuse;
To require all appropriate elements of the financial services industry to report potential money laundering;
To strengthen measures to prevent use of the U.S. financial system for __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________belong.

17. Civil Liberties
Critics of the "Patriot" ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
As for the Anti Terrorism Act in Canada, critics argue the act as unconstitutional under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms limiting civil liberties that Canadians are entitled to:
Not to be arbitrarily detained or imprisoned
To be informed of the reasons for arrest
To be released if the detention is not justified

18. You must summarize your section, identify the characteristic of liberalism being imposed upon and present your topic to class.
Group One: Protection of Rights in Liberal Democracies pg
Group Two: The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms pg
Group Three: The Promotion and Recognition of Collective Rights pg
Group Four: Common Good vs. Respect for Rights pg
Group Five: First Nation, Métis, and Inuit Rights pg
Group Six: Religious Symbolism pg

19. To What Extent are Liberal Values Viable?

20. To What Extent are Liberal Values Viable?